1-1 The immune system recognizes infection and induces protective responses.
免疫系统可以识别感染并做出保护性应答.
1-2 The cells of the immune system derive from precursors in the bone marrow.
免疫细胞源于骨髓中的前体细胞.
1-3 The myeloid lineage comprises most of the cells of the innate immune system.
骨髓系包含大部分的固有免疫细胞.
1-4 The lymphoid lineage comprises the lymphocytes of the adaptive 1mmune system and the natural killer cells of innate immunity.
淋巴系包含适应性免疫系统中的细胞和固有免疫中的NK细胞.
第二讲
1-5 Lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow or the thymus and then congregate in lymphoid tissues throughout the body.
淋巴细胞成熟于骨髓和胸腺中,而后聚集在全身淋巴组织中.
1-6 Most infectious agents activate the innate immune system and induce an inflammatory response.
大部分的感染源会激活固有免疫系统并诱导炎症反应.
Chapter 2: Innate Immunity: The First Lines of Defense
The first lines of defense.
2-1 Infectious diseases are caused by diverse living agents that replicate in their hosts.
传染性疾病由病原体在宿主体内的自我增殖造成。
2-2 Infectious agents must overcome innate host defenses to establish a focus of infection.
致病原必须耐受宿主的固有免疫以建立一个感染灶.
2-3 Epithelial surfaces of the body provide the first line of defense against infection.
上皮细胞表面是机体防御感染的第一道防线.
2-4 Epithelial cells and phagocytes produce several kinds of antimicrobial proteins.
上皮细胞和吞噬细胞产生几种抗菌蛋白.
第三讲
2-5 The complement system recognizes features of microbial surfaces and marks them for destruction by the deposition
补体系统可以识别微生物表面，并将其标记通过沉积破坏.
2-6 The lectin pathway uses soluble receptors that recognize microbial surfaces to activate the complement cascade.
凝集素途径通过可溶性受体识别微生物表面并激活补体级联反应.
2-7 The classical pathway is initiated by activation of the C1 complex and is homologous to the lectin pathway.
经典途径与凝集素途径同源, 由活化的c1复合体激活。
2-8 Complement activation is largely confined to the surface on which it is initiated.
补体的活化局限于其起始表面附近.
2-9 The alternative pathway is an amplification loop for C3b formation that is accelerated by recognition of pathogens by properdin.
替代途径通过备解素识别病原体来促进C3b的形成，是一个放大循环过程。
2-10 Membrane and plasma proteins that regulate the formation and stability of C3 convertases determine the extent of complement activation under different circumstances.
2-11 Complement developed early in the evolution of multicellular organisms.
2-12 Surface-bound C3 convertase deposits large numbers of C3b fragments on pathogen surfaces and generates C5 convertase activity.
2-13 Ingestion of complement-tagged pathogens by phagocytes is mediated by receptors for the bound complement proteins.
2-14 The small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response.
一些补体蛋白的小分子片段可以启动局部的炎症反应.
2-15 The terminal complement proteins polymerize to form pores in membranes that can kill certain pathogens.
补体蛋白终端复合体可以通过在胞膜上打孔最终将致病原杀死.
2-16 Complement control proteins regulate all three pathways of complement activation and protect the host from their destructive effects.
补体调节蛋白可以调节三种补体激活途径并保护机体本身不被破坏.
第四讲
3-1 After entering tissues, many pathogens are recognized, ingested, and killed by phagocytes.
病原体进入组织后,大部分被吞噬细胞细胞所识别,摄取并杀死.
3-2 G-protein-coupled receptors on phagocytes link microbe recognition with increased efficiency of intracellular killing.
3-3 Pathogen recognition and tissue damage initiate an inflammatory response.
对病原体的识别和组织损伤会引起炎症反应.
3-4 Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition System.
Toll样受体代表了一个古老的病原体识别系统.
3-5 Mammalian Toll-like receptors are activated by many different pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
哺乳动物的Toll-样受体由许多不同病原相关分子模式所激活。
3-6 TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2 and CD14.
TLR-4对细菌脂多糖的识别与宿主的辅助蛋白MD-2 和CD14相关.
3-7 TLRs activate the transcription factors NFKB, AP-1, and IRF to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons.
Toll样受体通过激活的转录因子NFKB，AP-1和IRF诱导炎性细胞因子和I型干扰素的表达。
3-8 The NOD-like receptors act as intracellular sensors of bacterial infection.
NOD样受体作为细菌感染的胞内传感器.
3-9 The RIG-1-Iike helicases detect cytoplasmic viral RNAs and stimulate interferon production.
3-10 Activation of TLRs and NLRs triggers changes in gene expression in macrophages and dendritic cells that have far-reaching effects on the immune response
Toll样受体和NOD样受体的激活可以触发巨噬细胞和树突状细胞基因表达的改变,从而对免疫反应产生深远的影响
第五讲
3-13 Activated macrophages secrete a range of cytokines that have a variety of local and distant effects.
3-14 Chemokines released by phagocytes and dendritic cells recruit cells to sites of infection.
巨噬细胞和树突状细胞分泌的趋化因子可以将细胞招募的感染部位。
3-15 Cell-adhesion molecules control interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during an inflammatory response
在炎症反应期间可以通过细胞粘附分子调控白细胞和内皮细胞之间的相互作用。
3-16 Neutrophils make up the first wave of cells that cross the blood vessel wall to enter inflammatory sites.
中性粒细胞是第一个通过血管壁进入到炎症部位的细胞。
3-17 TNF-a is an important cytokine that triggers local containment of
infection but induces shock when released systemically.
TNF-a是启动局部抑制感染的重要细胞因子，但是在全身性释放时会引起休克。
3-18 Cytokines released by macrophages and dendritic cells activate the acute-phase response
由巨噬细胞和树突状细胞释放的细胞因子可以激活急性期反应。
3-19 Interferons induced by viral infection make several contributions to host defense.
由病毒感染诱导产生的干扰素可以提高宿主的防御功能。
3-20 NK cells are activated by interferons and macrophage-derived cytokines to serve as an early defense agains certain intracellular infections
NK细胞由干扰素和巨噬细胞分泌的细胞因子激活，可以对特定的胞内感染发挥早期防御功能.
3-21 NK cells possess receptors for self molecules that prevent their activation by uninfected cells.
NK细胞拥有识别自我分子的受体, 从而抑制对未感染宿主细胞的杀伤活性.
3-22 NK cells bear receptors that activate their killer function in response to
ligands expressed on infected cells or tumor cells
3-23 The NKG2D receptor activates a different signaling pathway from that of the other activating NK receptors.
3-24 Several lymphocyte subpopulations behave as innate-like lymphocytes
第六讲
3-1 IgG antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains.
IgG抗体由4条多肽链组成。
3-2 Immunoglobulin heavy and light chains are composed of constant and varible regions.
免疫球蛋白的重链和轻链均由保守区和可变区组成。
3-3 The antibody molecule can readily be cleaved into functionally distinct fragments.
抗体分子可以被裂解成不同的功能片段。
3-4 The Immunoglobulin molecule is flexible, especially at the hinge region.
免疫球蛋白分子是柔性的，特别是在铰链区。
3-5 The domains of an immunoglobulin molecule have similar structures
免疫球蛋白分子具有相似的结构域。
3-6 Localized regions of hypervariable sequence form the antigen-binding site
高变序列的局部区域形成抗原结合位点。
3-7 Antibody binding antigen via contacts with amino acids in CDRs, but the details of binding depend upon the size and shape of the antigen.
抗体通过其CDR区的氨基酸残基与抗原结合，但结合的细节依赖于抗原的大小和形状。
3-8 Antibody bind to conformational shapes on the surfaces of antigens.
抗体与抗原表面的构象结构发生结合。
3-9 antigen-antibody interactions involve a variety of forces
抗原-抗体间的相互作用涉及的多种作用力。
3-10 The T-cell receptor is very similar to a Fab fragment of immunoglobulin
T细胞受体与免疫球蛋白的Fab片段非常类似。
3-11 A T-cell receptor recognizes antigen in the form of a complex of a foreign peptide bound to an MHC molecule.
T细胞受体通过对抗原肽和MHC分子复合物的识别来识别抗原。
3-12 There are two classes of MHC molecules with distinct subunit composition but similar three-dimensional structures.
MHC分子有两类，它们由不同的亚基组成但三维结构相似。
3-13 Peptides are stably bound to MHC molecules, and also serve to stabilize the MHC molecule on the cell surface.
抗原肽与MHC分子牢固结合的同时起到稳定细胞表面MHC分子的作用。
3-14 MHC class I molecules bind short peptides of 8–10 amino acids by both ends.
MHC 1类分子通过两端与8-10个氨基酸的短肽相结合。
3-15 The length of the peptides bound by MHC class II molecules is not constrained.
与MHC II类分子结合的抗原肽在长度上并没有约束。
3-16 The crystal structures of several MHC:peptide:T-cell receptor complexes
show a similar T-cell receptor orientation over the MHC:peptide complex.
一些MHC:肽:TCR:复合物的晶体结构揭示了在肽：MHC复合物上方的TCR具有相同的取向。
3-17 The CD4 and CD8 cell-surface proteins of T cells are required to make an effective response to antigen.
CD4和CD8 T细胞表面分子可以对抗原做出有效反应。
3-18 The two classes of MHC molecules are expressed differentially on cells.
两类MHC分子在细胞表达上有所差异。
3-19 A distinct subset of T cells bears an alternative receptor made up of g and d chain
第七讲
4-1. Immunoglobulin genes are rearranged in antibody-producing Cells
在产生抗体的细胞中免疫球蛋白基因重排。
4-2 Complete genes that encode a variable region are generated by the somatic recombination of separate gene segments
编码可变区的完整基因由分散的基因片段通过体细胞重组形成。
4-3 Multiple contiguous V gene segments are present at each immunoglobulin locus
在每个免疫球蛋白位点上均存在多个连续的V基因片段。
4-4 Rearrangement of V, D, and J gene segments is guided by flanking DNA sequences
V,D,J基因的重排由侧翼DNA序列引导。
4-5 The reaction that recombines V, D, and J gene segments involves both lymphocyte-specific and ubiquitous DNA-modifying enzymes.
V,D,J基因片段的重组反应涉及淋巴细胞特异的和普遍存在的DNA修饰酶。
4-6 The diversity of the immunoglobulin repertoire is generated by four
main processes.
免疫球蛋白谱的多样性由四个主要过程产生。
4-7 The multiple inherited gene segments are used in different combinations
多种可遗传的基因片段在不同的组合中使用。
4-8 Variable addition and subtraction of nucleotides at the junctions between gene segments contributes to the diversity of the third hypervariable region
在基因片段之间的连接处增加和减少的核苷酸数是可变的，这有利于第三超变区多样性的产生。
第八讲
4-9 The T-cell receptor gene segments are arranged in a similar pattern to immunoglobulin gene segments and are rearranged by the same enzymes.
TCR基因座由一系列与免疫球蛋白基因座相似的片段组成，并且重组使用的酶也相同。
4-10 T-cell receptors concentrate diversity in the third hypervariable Region.
TCR的多样性集中在第三超变区。
4-11 g:d T-cell receptors are also generated by gene rearrangement
g:d TCR也是通过基因的重排产生的。
4-12 Different classes of immunoglobulins are distinguished by the structure of their heavy-chain constant regions.
不同的免疫球蛋白由其重链的恒定区结构所决定。
4-13 The constant region confers functional specialization on the Antibody.
抗体的恒定区赋予其特殊的功能。
4-14 Mature naive B cells express both IgM and IgD at their surface.
成熟但未接触抗原的B细胞可以在其表面同时表达IgD和IgM。
4-15 Transmembrane and secreted forms of immunoglobulin are generated from alternative heavy-chain transcripts.
选择性重链转录可以产生跨模型和分泌型两种不同的免疫球蛋白。
4-16 IgM and IgA can form polymers.
IgM和IgA可以形成多聚体。（分别形成）
4-17 Activation-induced cytidine deaminase introduces mutations in genes transcribed in B cells.
4-18 Rearranged V-region genes are further diversified by somatic Hypermutation.
重排的V区基因可以通过体细胞高频突变进一步丰富其多样性。
4-19 In some species, most immunoglobulin gene diversification occurs after gene rearrangement.
有些种类的免疫球蛋白基因是在基因重排以后才产生多样性的。
4-20 Class switching enables the same assembled VH exon to be associated with different CH genes in the course of an immune response
类型转换可以使相同的VH外显子与不同的CH基因相结合。
第九讲
5-1. The MHC class I and class II molecules deliver peptides to the cell surface from two distinct intracellular compartments
MHC I 类和II类分子将两个不同细胞器中的多肽呈递到细胞表面。
5-2. Peptides that bind to MHC class I molecules are actively transported from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum.
与MHC I 类分子结合的肽从胞质中经由主动运输进入内质网。
5-3. Peptides for transport into the endoplasmic reticulum are generated in the cytosol.
被运进内质网的肽是在细胞质中形成的。
5-4 Retrograde transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol enables exogenous proteins to be processed for crosspresentation by MHC class I molecules.
5-5. Newly synthesized MHC class I molecules are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum until they bind peptide
新合成的MHC I 类分子在与抗原肽结合之前一直滞留在内着网中。
5-6 Many viruses produce immunoevasins that interfere with antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules.
5-7. Peptides presented by MHC class II molecules are generated in acidified endocytic vesicles
由MHC II 类分子呈递的多肽产生于酸性内吞小泡中。
5-8. The invariant chain directs newly synthesized MHC class II molecules to acidified intracellular vesicles
恒定链引导新合成的MHC II 类分子进入酸性胞内小泡中。
5-9. A specialized MHC class II-like molecule catalyzes loading of MHC class II molecules with peptides
一类特殊的MHC II 类样分子可以催化MHC II 类分子与多肽的结合。
5-10. Stable binding of peptides by MHC molecules provides effective antigen presentation at the cell surface.
MHC分子与多肽的稳定结合可以使抗原有效地呈递于细胞表面。
5-19 The CD1 family of MHC class I-like molecules is encoded outside the MHC and presents microbial lipids to CD1-restricted T cells.
第十讲
5-11. Many proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation are encoded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex.
5-12. The protein products of MHC class I and class II genes are highly polymorphic
MHC I 类和MHC II 类基因的蛋白产物具有高度多态性。
5-13. MHC polymorphism affects antigen recognition by T cells by influencing both peptide binding and the contacts between T-cell receptor and MHC molecule.
MHC多态性通过影响T细胞与肽的结合以及TCR与MHC分子间的接触而影响T细胞对抗原的识别。
5-14 Alloreactive T cells recognizing nonself MHC molecules are very abundant.
5-15. Many T cells respond to superantigens
大多T细胞可以对超抗原产生应答。
5-16. MHC polymorphism extends the range of antigens to which the immune system can respond.
MHC多态性扩展了免疫系统能够产生应答的抗原范围。
5-17 A variety of genes with specialized functions in immunity are also encoded in the MHC.
5-18. Specialized MHC class I molecules act as ligands for activation and inhibition of NK cells.
特殊的MHC I 类分子可以作为激活和抑制NK细胞的配体。
第十一讲
成熟淋巴细胞受体库的发育
Chapter 6 Signaling Through Immune System Receptors
免疫系统受体介导的信号转导
7-1 Transmembrane receptors convert extracellular signals into intracellular biochemical events.
跨膜受体将胞外信号转化为胞内生化事件.
7-2 Intracellular signal propagation is mediated by large multiprotein signaling complexes.
细胞内的信号传导由大的蛋白复合体介导.
7-3 Small G proteins act as molecular switches in many different signaling pathways.
小G蛋白在多种不同的信号通路中起到分子开关的作用.
7-4 Signaling proteins are recruited to the membrane by a variety of mechanisms
信号蛋白通过多种机制被招募到膜上.
7-5 Ubiquitin conjugation of proteins can activate and inhibit signaling responses.
泛素结合的蛋白质可以激活和抑制信号的反应.
7-6 The activation of some receptors generates small-molecule second messengers.
某些受体的激活产生的小分子第二信使。
7-7 Antigen receptor consist of variable antigen-binding chains associated with invariant chains that carry out the signaling function of the receptor.
淋巴细胞抗原受体的可变链与执行受体信号转导功能的恒定辅助链相连.
7-8 Antigen recognition by the T-cell receptor and its co-receptors leads to phosphorylation of ITAMs by Src-family kinases.
T细胞受体及其协同受体的抗原识别可以通过Src家族的蛋白酪氨酸激酶磷酸化与受体相连的ITAM
7-9 Phosphorylated ITAMs recruit and activate the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, which
phosphorylates scaffold proteins that recruit the phospholipase PLC-y
充分磷酸化的ITAMs可以招募并激活ZAP-70酪氨酸激酶,激活的ZAP-70酪氨酸激酶可以通过磷酸化支架蛋白来招募磷脂酶PLC-y.
7-10 The activation of PLC-y requires a co-stimulatory signal
磷脂酶C的激活需要共刺激信号.
7-11 Activation PLC-y generates the second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate
激活的PLC-y可以讲磷脂酰肌醇裂解产生胞内第二信使DAG和IP3.
7-12 Ca2+entry activates the transcription factor NFAT
Ca2 +内流激活的转录因子NFAT
7-13 Ras activation stimulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) relay and induces expression of the transcription factor AP-1
Ras活化刺激丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）和诱导转录因子AP-1的表达.
7-14 Protein kinase C activates the transcription factor NFkB and AP-1
蛋白激酶C激活转录因子NFkB和AP-1
7-15 The cell-surface protein CD28 is a co-stimulatory receptor for naive T
cells.
的细胞表面蛋白CD28是naiveT细胞的共刺激受体。
7-16 The logic of B-cell receptor signaling is similar to that of T-cell receptor signaling but some of the signaling components are specific to B cells.
B-细胞受体信号类似与T细胞受体信号，但由一些B细胞所特有的信号分子。
7-17 ITAMs are also found in other receptors on leukocytes that signal for cell activation.
白细胞上的其他受体也可以利用ITAM传递活化信号.
7-18 Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes help regulate immune responses
淋巴细胞上的抑制性受体可以协助调节免疫反应.
第十二讲
Chapter 8 The Development and Survival of Lymphocytes
淋巴细胞的发育与存活
8-1 Lymphocytes derive from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
淋巴细胞来源于骨髓中的造血干细胞
8-4 B-cell development begins by rearrangement of the heavy-chain locus.
B细胞的发育开始于重链基因的重排。
8-3 The pre-B-cell receptor tests for successful production of a complete heavy chain and signals for the transition from the pro-B cell to pre-B cell stage.
8-4 Pre-B-cell receptor signaling inhibits further heavy-chain locus rearrangement and enforces allelic exclusion.
8-5 Pre-B cells rearrange the light-chain locus and express cell-surface immunoglobulin.
8-6 Immature B cells are tested for autoreactivity before they leave the bone marrow.
7-7 T-cell progenitors originate in the bone marrow, but all the important events in their development occur in the thymus.
T-细胞起源于骨髓，但在其发展的所有重要事件发生在胸腺中。
8-8 T-cell precursors proliferate extensively in the thymus but most die there.
前体T细胞在胸腺中大量增殖，但大部分在胸腺中死亡。
8-9 Successive stages in the development of thymocytes are marked by changes in cell-surface molecules
胸腺细胞发育过程中的每个阶段可以通过细胞表面分子的变化加以识别。
8-10 Thymocytes at different developmental stages are found in distinct parts of the thymus.
不同发育阶段的胸腺细胞分布在胸腺中的不同部位。
8-11 T cells with α:β or γ:δ receptors arise from a common progenitor.
携带有α:β 或 γ:δ受体的T细胞源于一个共同的祖先。
8-12 T cells expressing particular γ and δsequence early in life.
-chain V regions arise in an ordered
8-12 T cells expressing particular g- and d-chain V regions arise in an ordered sequence early in life.
8-13 Successful synthesis of a rearranged chain allows the production of a
pre-T-cell receptor that triggers cell proliferation and blocks further β-chain gene rearrangement.
7-14 T-cell α-chain genes undergo successive rearrangements untill positive selection or cell death intervenes.
第十三讲
8-15 The MHC type of the thymic stroma selects a repertoire of mature T cells that can recognize foreign antigens presented by the same MHC type.
8-16 Only thymocytes whose receptors interact with self-peptide:self- MHC complexes can survive and mature.
8-17 Positive selection acts on a repertoire of T-cell receptors with inherent specificity for MHC molecules.
8-18 Positive selection coordinates the expression of CD4 or CD8 with the specificity of the T-cell receptor and the potential effector functions of the T cell.
8-19 Thymic cortical epithelial cells mediate positive selection of developing thymocytes
8-20 T cells that react strongly with ubiquitous self antigens are deleted in the thymus.
7-21 Negative selection is driven most efficiently by bone marrow derived antigen-presenting cells.
7-22 The specificity and/or the strength of signals for negative and positive selection must differ.
8-23 Different lymphocyte subsets are found in particular locations in peripheral lymphoid tissues.
8-24 The development of peripheral lymphoid tissues is controlled by lymphoid tissue inducer cells and proteins of the tumor necrosis factor family.
8-25 The homing of lymphocytes to specific regions of peripheral lymphoid tissues is mediated by chemokines.
8-26 Lymphocytes that encounter sufficient quantities of self antigens for the first time in the periphery are eliminated or inactivated.
8-27 Most immature B cells arriving in the spleen are short-lived and require cytokines and positive signals through the B-cell receptor for maturation and survival.
8-28 B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells are distinct B-cell subtypes with unique antigen receptor Specificity.
8-29 T-cell homeostasis in the periphery is regulated by cytokines and self-MHC interactions
第十四讲
9-1 Naive T cells migrate through peripheral lymphoid tissues, sampling the peptide:MHC complexes on dendritic cell surfaces
9-2 Lymphocyte entry into lymphoid tissues depends on chemokines and adhesion molecules.
9-3 Activation of integrins by chemokines is responsible for the entry of naive T cells into lymph nodes.
9-4 T-cell responses are initiated in peripheral lymphoid organs by activated dendritic cells.
9-5 Dendritic cells process antigens from a wide array of pathogens.
9-6 Pathogen-induced TLR signaling in immature dendritic cells induces their migration to lymphoid organs and enhances antigen processing.
9-7 Plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce abundant type I interferons and may act as helper cells for antigen presentation by conventional dendritic Cells.
9-8 Macrophages are scavenger cells that can be induced by pathogens to present foreign antigens to naive T cells.
9-9 B cells are highly efficient at presenting antigens that bind to their surface immunoglobulin.
9-10 Cell-adhesion molecules mediate the initial interaction of naive T cells with antigen-presenting cells.
9-11 Antigen-presenting cells deliver three kinds of signals for clonal expansion and
differentiation of naive T cells
9-12 CD28-dependent co-stimulation of activated T cells induces expression of the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 and the high-affinity IL-2 receptor.
9-13 Signal 2 can be modified by additional co-stimulatory pathways.
9-14 Antigen recognition in the absence of co-stimulation l eads to functional inactivation or clonal deletion of peripheral T cells.
9-15 Proliferating T cells differentiate into effector T cells that do not require co-stimulation to act.
9-16 CD8 T cells can be activated in different ways to become cytotoxic effector cells.
9-17 CD4 T cells differentiate into several subsets of functionally different effector cells.
9-18 Various forms of signal 3 induce the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells
down distinct effector pathways
9-19 Regulatory CD4 T cells are involved in controlling adaptive immune Responses.
第十五讲
T Cell-Mediated Immunity
9-20 Effector T-cell interactions with target cells are initiated by antigen-nonspecific
cell-adhesion molecules.
9-21 An immunological synapse forms between effector T cells and their targets to regulate signaling and to direct the release of effector molecules.
9-22 The effector functions of T cells are determined by the array of effector molecules that they produce.
9-23 Cytokines can act locally or at a distance.
7-20 Cytokine receptors of the hematopoietin family are associated with the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, which activate STAT transcription factors.
7-21 Cytokine signaling is terminated by a negative feedback mechanism.
9-24 T cells express several TNF-family cytokines as trimeric proteins that are usually associated with the cell surface.
7-22 The receptors that induce apoptosis activate specialized intracellular proteases called caspases.
7-23 The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is mediated by release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.
9-25 Cytotoxic T cells can induce target cells to undergo programmed cell death.
9-26 Cytotoxic effector proteins that trigger apoptosis are contained in the granules of CD8 cytotoxic T cells.
9-27 Cytotoxic T cells are selective and serial killers of targets expressing a specific
Antigen.
9-28 Cytotoxic T cells also act by releasing cytokines.
9-29 TH1 cells have a central role in macrophage activation.
9-30 Activation of macrophages by TH1 cells promotes microbial killing and must be tightly regulated to avoid tissue damage.
9-31 TH1 cells coordinate the host response to intracellular pathogens.
第十六讲
The Humoral Immune Response
10-1 The humoral immune response is initiated when B cells that bind antigen are signaled by helper T cells or by certain microbial antigens alone.
10-2 B-cell responses to antigen are enhanced by co-ligation of the B-cell receptor and B-cell co-receptor by antigen and complement fragments on microbial surfaces.
10-3 Helper T cells activate B cells that recognize the same antigen.
10-4 T cells makes membrane-bound and secreted molecules that activate B cell.
10-5 B cells that encounter their antigens migrate toward the boundaries between B-cell and T-cell areas in secondary lymphoid Tissues.
10-6 Antibody-secreting plasma cells differentiate from activated B cells.
10-7 The second phase of a primary B-cell immune response occurs when activated
B cells migrate into follicles and proliferate to form germinal centers.
10-8 Germinal center B cells undergo V-region somatic hypermutation, and cells with mutations that improve affinity for antigen are selected.
10-9 Class switching in thymus-dependent antibody responses requires expression of CD40 ligand by the helper T cell and is directed by Cytokines.
10-10 Ligation of CD40 and prolonged contact with T follicular helper cells is required to sustain germinal center B cells.
10-11 Surviving germinal center B cells differentiate into either plasma cells or memory cells.
10-12 Some bacterial antigens do not require T-cell help to induce B-cell responses.
9-13 B-cell responses to bacterial polysaccharides do not require peptide-specific T-cell help.
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