EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH Quantitative Analysis of the Publishing Landscap

CERN-OPEN-2006-065

November20,2006

arXiv:cs/0611130v1 [cs.DL] 26 Nov 2006QuantitativeAnalysisofthe

PublishingLandscapeinHigh-EnergyPhysics

SalvatoreMele1,2,DavidDallman,JensVigen,JoanneYeomans

CERN,CH-1211,Gen`eve23,Switzerland

Abstract

World-widecollaborationinhigh-energyphysics(HEP)isatraditionwhichdatesbackseveraldecades,

withscientificpublicationsmostlycoauthoredbyscientistsfromdifferentcountries.Thiscoauthorshipphenomenonmakesitdifficulttoidentifypreciselythe“share”ofeachcountryinHEPscientificproduction.Oneyear’sworthofHEPscientificarticlespublishedinpeer-reviewedjournalsisanalysedandtheirauthorsareuniquelyassignedtocountries.ThismethodallowsthefirstcorrectestimationonaproratabasisoftheshareofHEPscientificpublishingamongseveralcountriesandinstitutions.TheresultsprovideaninterestinginsightintothegeographicalcollaborativepatternsoftheHEPcommunity.TheHEPpublishinglandscapeisfurtheranalysedtoprovideinformationonthejournalsfavouredbytheHEPcommunityandonthegeographicalvariationoftheirauthorbases.TheseresultsprovidequantitativeinputtotheongoingdebateonthepossibletransitionofHEPpublishingtoanOpenAccessmodel.

1Introduction

High-energyphysics(HEP)iscommonlyregardedasoneofthemostinternationalandcollaborativescientificdisciplines.Overthelastsixdecades,largeexperimentsatacceleratorsofever-increasingen-ergybroughttogetherfirstdozens,thenhundredsandnowthousandsofscientistsfromanincreasinglywiderspectrumofcountries.Furthermore,theoreticalHEPpredatesbyalongtimepresent-daycross-bordercommunicationasatrulyglobalenterprise.Thisendeavourwasfosteredbyalong-standingtraditionofscientificexchange,regulargatheringsandlong-termvisitstoseveralmajorcentresofattractionbyscientists.

Asaconsequenceofthiswell-establishedandthrivingcross-bordertradition,coauthorshipofHEParticlesbyscientistsaffiliatedtoinstitutesindifferentcountriesisthenormratherthantheexception.AtthesametimethiscoauthorshipphenomenoncomplicatesbibliometricstudiesaimedatevaluatingtherelativecontributionsofdifferentcountriestotheproductionofHEParticles.

ThisarticlepresentsananalysisofthedistributionofHEPauthorshipoverseveralcountriesandinstitutes,takingintoaccountthecoauthorshipphenomenononaproratabasis.Thisanalysisisbasedononeyear’sworthofHEParticles,selectedaspresentedinSection2.Section3explainsthedata-analysisprocedureanddiscussessomebibliometricresults.ResultsonthegeographicaldistributionofHEPauthorshiparepresentedinSection4andtheninterpretedinSection5intermsofglobalcollaborativepatterns.ThepublishinglandscapeisinvestigatedinSection6,whichidentifiesthejournalsmostusedbyHEPauthors.Section7presentsadditionalresultsonthebreakdownoftheauthorbaseoftheleadingHEPjournalsamongdifferentcountries;thedistributionoverdifferentjournalsoftheHEPscientificproductionofseveralcountriesandinstitutesisalsodiscussed.

TheseresultsareparticularlyrelevantastheyconstituteaquantitativebasisfortheongoingdebateonthepossibletransitionofHEPpublishingtoanOpenAccessmodel[1].NoassessmentoftheeconomicalimplicationsofsuchatransitionispossiblewithoutclearanduncontroversialdataonthecontributionsofdifferentcountriestoHEPscientificpublishing,whichispresentedhereforthefirsttime.

2DataSample

ThepreprintcultureinHEPpioneeredthefreedistributionofscientificresults.Fordecades,theoreticalphysicistsandscientificcollaborations,eagertodisseminatetheirfindingsinawayfasterthanthedistributionofscholarlypublications,printedandmailedhundreds,eventhousands,ofcopiesoftheirmanuscriptsbeforesubmittingthemtopeer-reviewedjournals.Thispreprintculturetended,however,tofavourthelargelaboratoriesanduniversitiesthatcouldaffordmailinglargenumbersofpreprintswhilereceivingcomprehensiveregularmailings[2].ThespreadoftheInternetandtheinceptionofthearXivrepository[3]usheredaneweraforthepreprintculture,offeringallscientistsalevelplayingfield.Initscurrentimplementation,arXivallowsresearcherstosubmittheirpreprintsandbrowseorreceiveregularfeedsonrecentsubmissionsintheirareaofinterest[4].ThearXivrepositoryanditsmirrorscollectthecorpusofHEParticles,classifiedintofourcategories:

•hep-ex,forhighenergyexperimentalphysics;•hep-latforstudiesoflatticefieldtheory;

2

•hep-phforparticlephenomenology;

•hep-thforstring,conformalandfieldtheory.

Theattributionofarticlestoaparticularcategoryisperformedbytheauthorsthemselvesatsubmis-siontime.Thesystemsupportscrossreferencingwhilemultiplesubmissionisfrowneduponsothatnodoublecountingofthesamearticlefromtwocategoriesisexpectedinthefollowinganalysis.

ThisanalysisisbasedonallpreprintssubmittedtoarXivintheyear2005andclassifiedinoneofthefourHEPcategories.Owingtoitswidespreadpreprintculture,thissamplerepresentsafaithfulsnapshotofHEPpeer-reviewedscientificliterature.

Asinmanyotherdisciplines,HEPresultsareoftenpresentedinpreliminaryformatinternationalconferencesorworkshopsbeforebeingofficiallyreleasedintheformofapublicationinapeer-reviewedjournal.Resultsarethenoftensummarisedatotherconferencesinthefollowingyears.PreprintsusuallyappeardescribingtheseconferencecontributionsandthereforearXivstoresmultiple,albeitdifferent,entriescorrespondingtodifferentphasesofthelife-cycleofascientificresult.Toavoidthisformofmultiplecountingofthesamepieceofwork,thefollowinganalysisisrestrictedtopreprintssubsequentlypublishedinpeer-reviewedjournals.Thisrequirementalsoremoveslecturenotes,thesesandotherunpublishedmaterialsubmittedtoarXivbutnotrelevantforthisanalysis.

ThedataonwhichthisanalysisisbasedareextractedfromtheSPIRESdatabase[5]hostedatSLAC,theStanfordLinearAcceleratorCenterinCalifornia,andjointlycompiledtogetherwithDESY,theDeutschesElektronen-SynchrotroninHamburg,andFNAL,theFermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratoryinIllinois.ThisdatabaseischosenasithasacompletecoverageoftheHEParticlesinarXivandinadditionincludespublicationinformation.Asanexample,thesampleofpreprintssubmittedtothehep-excategoryinarXivduring2005,andsubsequentlypublished,isobtainedwiththefollowingquery:

FINDEPRINTHEP-EX/05#ANDPSPANDNOTTYPECANDNOTTYPELANDNOTTYPEBANDNOTTYPET

Conferencearticles,lecturenotes,thesesandbooksareexplicitlyremovedfromthesearch.ThesamplesfortheotherthreearXivcategoriesareobtainedmutatismutandis.

3DataAnalysis

Table1presentsthenumbersofhitsobtainedbytheSPIRESqueryinthefourcategoriesandtheirsumfortheyear2005aswellastheentirehistoricalrecord.Atotalof5016articlesareselectedfortheyear2005.ThetotalnumbersofsubmissionsforeacharXivcategoryobtainedwithqueriessuchas:

FINDEPRINTHEP-EX/05#

arealsopresentedinTable1togetherwiththeirsum.Thedifferencewiththesampleconsideredinthisarticleiscomposedofconferencearticlesandunpublishedmaterial.TheratiosofthenumbersofpublishedarticlestothenumbersofarXivsubmissionsisalsopresentedinTable1.

ThehistoricalevolutionofthenumbersinTable1isinteresting:earlyyearsshowagradualincreaseinthenumberofsubmissions,consistentwiththegradualadoptionofthesystem,whilenumbersfor

3

Year

8

20042003200220012000199919981997199619951994199319921991

hep-exNP

40%349287293328324317231192829935−−−

NS

24658657558357450858862385584374473743214

ε

391845%39%37%38%46%41%45%41%44%52%45%56%56%75%

hep-phNP

56%

253423812383249923902602244223052149200817141275559−

NS

2225

3357327533333181314428252774286526262347234920841378302

ε70%74%74%72%72%77%74%69%73%73%70%70%78%75%

NS

5016

668585904688028511815576107353667759325363422024306

ε61%62%59%61%61%66%66%%66%68%67%70%74%75%

4Table1:NumbersofpreprintssubmittedtothedifferentarXivHEPcategories(NS)andsubsequentlypublishedinpeer-reviewedjournals(NP)togetherwiththeirtotal.Theratioε=NS/NPisalsolisted.FiguresaregivenfortheentirearXivhistoricalsample.Datacorrespondingtotheyear2005isusedinthisanalysis.

lateryearsareconsistentwithaplateaustructurewithyear-to-yearvariationsofafewpercentagepoints.

ThequeriesonwhichthisarticleisbasedwereperformedinthesecondhalfofOctober2006andonecouldarguethatsomepreprintssubmittedinlate2005couldhavestillbeenintheeditorialprocessandwouldnotthereforehaveyetappearedinpeer-reviewedjournals.Ifthefive-yearperiod2000−2004isusedtopredictthenumberofarticlesextractedbythequeryfortheyear2005,thisisjust6%abovethenumberactuallyobserved,leadingtotheconclusionthatnolargesystematicbiasaffectsthesizeofthesampleunderconsideration.Therearenoreasonstobelievethatanysizablesystematiceffectfromasmallfractionof“undiscovered”articleswouldaffecttherelativecontributionsofdifferentcountriespresentedinthefollowing.

Figure1presentsthedistributionamongthefourdifferentarXivcategoriesofthe5016articlesonwhichthisanalysisisbased.Experimentalresultsaccountforjust6.7%ofthetotal.

Entries 246Mean = 3.60.2

Relative Population0

123456hep-lat

710111213 2207EntriesMean = 2.90.25

0

123456hep-ph

710111213 2225EntriesMean = 2.30.25

0

123456Number of authors

Figure2:Distributionsofthenumberofauthorsofhep-lat,hep-phandhep-tharticlesusedinthisanalysis.Thedistributionsarenormalisedtounitareaandtheirmeanisindicated.

6

hep-th

710111213Afirstbibliometricresultextractedfromthisstudyisthedistributionofthenumberofauthorsperarticle.Figure2presentsthedistributionofthenumberofauthorsofeacharticleinthethreenon-experimentalclasseshep-lat,hep-phandhep-th.Theaveragenumberofauthorsforthethreeclassesare3.6,2.9and2.3,respectively.Theaveragenumberofauthorsforthesumofthethreeclassesis2.6.Theaveragenumberofauthorsforthehep-exclassisabout290.Thedistributionofthenumberofauthorsisbiasedbythefactthatadozenlargeexperimentalcollaborationsappearseveraltimesinthedatasample.ThebreakdownoftheconsideredarXiv:hep-exsampleintodifferentexperimentsisshowninFigure3.ImplicationsofthelargenumberofauthorsinexperimentalcollaborationsarediscussedinReference[6].

Unfortunately,asoftoday,nodatabaseallowsanautomaticextractionofbibliographicinformationconcerningauthoraffiliationsforHEParticlesatthelevelneededforthisanalysis.Thereforeeacharticlesatisfyingthequeryhadtobeinspectedtoperformamanualclassificationoftheauthorsaccordingtotheiraffiliation.TheoutputformatofSPIRESpartlyalleviatesthisproblemasauthoraffiliationsareoftenreadableoffthestandardweb-basedoutputofthequerieswithouthavingtoaccessthearticlemetadataonapublisher’swebsiteorthefull-textversioninarXiv.Authoraffiliationswereclassifiedinto22classes,listedinthefirstcolumnofTable2.European,AmericanandAsiancountriesaresingledoutaccordingtotheircontributiontotheglobalHEPscientificproduction,downtoalowerlimitofabout1%.ThecontributionfromCERN,theworld’slargestHEPlaboratory,isshownseparately.Theremainingcountriesaredividedintotwoclasses:CERNMemberStates3andtheremainingcountries.AsthevastmajorityofHEPinItalyisfundedbyINFN,theIstitutoNazionalediFisicaNucleare,itscontributionhasbeenconsideredinlieuoftheItalianone.ItalianauthorswithoutanINFNaffiliationarecountedinthe“OtherMemberStates”category.

Asmentionedabove,medium-andlong-termvisitsofauthorstodifferentinstitutesandmajorlaboratoriesisthestapledietoftheHEPcollaborativesoul.Asaconsequence,authorsofHEParticlesoftenhavemultipleaffiliations.Threeprinciplestoassignauthorswithmultipleaffiliationstoasingleclassarefollowedintheordertheyarepresentedbelow.

1.IfoneofthemultipleaffiliationsofanauthorisaHEPlaboratory,theauthorisassignedtothatlaboratoryinthecaseofCERN,ortothehostnationofthelaboratoryintheothercases.2.Ifonlyoneofthemultipleaffiliationsofanauthorcorrespondstooneofthecountriesexplicitlysingledoutfortheanalysis,theauthorisassignedtothatcountry.3.Ifmorethanoneofthemultipleaffiliationsofanauthorcorrespondstooneofthecountriesexplicitlysingledoutfortheanalysis,theauthorisassignedtoacountryorinstitution,accordingtoanindicatorwhichtakesintoaccounttheirpro-capitaGrossDomesticProductandtheirexpectedshareoftheHEPscientificproduction.

4DistributionoftheHEPProductionbyCountry

ThefirstresultofthisanalysisisthecalculationoftheshareofHEPpublicationsauthoredbyeachofthe22countriesandinstitutionsintowhichtheauthorsareclassified.ForeacharticleinoneofthefourarXivcategories,eachofthe22countriesandinstitutionsisattributedafractionofthearticlecorrespondingtothenumberofauthorsassociatedtothatcountry,dividedbythetotalnumberofauthors.ThesumofthesefractionsoverallthearticlesofanarXivcategory,dividedbythetotalnumberofarticlesinthatcategory,definestheshareofaparticularcountryorinstitution.TheresultsarelistedinTable2forthefourarXivcategoriesaswellasfortheiraverage.Figure4presentsthedistributionoftheHEPscientificproductionoverdifferentcountries.Toourknowledge,thisisthefirstresultonthedistributionoftheHEPscientificliteraturebycountrywherethephenomenonofcoauthorshipistakenintoaccount.

ItisinterestingtocombinetheresultspresentedinTable2intothethreelargestsectionsofHEPauthorship:CERNanditsMemberStates,theUnitedStates,andtheremainingcountries.These

resultsarepresentedinTable3forthefourarXivclassesandtheiraverage.Figures5and6showasummaryofthedistributionsofHEPauthorshipforthearXivclassesandtheiraverage,respectively.

CERN

6.3%

UK

11.0%

France

0.8%

Switzerland

0.2%

Portugal

0.6%

OtherMemberStates

5.1%

Israel

40.2%

Canada

0.7%

India

6.3%

China

1.1%

Taiwan

1.1%

0.5%

6.0%

2.3%

1.8%

0.8%

7.2%

2.0%

6.4%

2.6%

1.8%

1.7%

1.9%

3.0%

7.4%

0.8%

22.8%

3.6%

2.6%

3.3%

5.6%

1.3%

24.1%

0.5%

0.5%

7.9%

4.8%

1.1%

0.8%

0.5%

0.9%

2.0%

3.5%

0.9%

0.9%

6.3%

5.6%

3.2%

2.8%

hep-lat1.1%

10.3%

8.5%

5.8%

hep-th1.1%

8.8%

Table2:DistributionofHEPscientificliteratureoverdifferentcountriesandinstitutionsforthefourHEParXivclassesandtheiraverage.

CERN&MemberStates

40.2%

OtherCountries

hep-lat42.3%

22.8%

27.7%

hep-th38.8%

24.1%

38.9%

5CollaborativePatternsinHEP

ThedatasampleunderinvestigationallowsastudyofthecollaborativepatternsinHEPinordertoansweranaturalquestion:whichgroupsofcountriesandinstitutionscollaborate?Asimplifiedapproachtoaddressthisquestionischosen,inwhichonlythreelargegroupsofauthorsareconsidered,accordingtotheiraffiliationtooneofthreesectionsofHEPauthorship:CERNanditsMemberStates,theUnitedStates,andtheremainingcountries.Resultsfrommorecomplexanalysesofotherdatasamplesfocusingonauthor-to-authorcollaborativenetworksarepresentedinReference[7].Eacharticleisassignedtooneofsevenmutually-exclusiveclasses:

1.alltheauthorsareassociatedtoCERNoranyofitsMemberStates;2.alltheauthorsareassociatedtotheUnitedStates;

3.noauthorsareassociatedtoCERN,itsMemberStatesortheUnitedStates;

4.someauthorsareassociatedtoCERNoroneofitsMemberStatesandsometotheUnitedStates,butnonetoanyothercountry;5.someauthorsareassociatedtoCERNoroneofitsMemberStatesandsometoothercountries,butnonetotheUnitedStates;6.someauthorsareassociatedtotheUnitedStatesandsometoothercountriesbutnonetoCERNoranyofitsMemberStates;7.atleastoneauthorisassociatedtoCERNoroneofitsMemberStates,onetotheUnitedStatesandonetosomeothercountry.Figure7presentsthefractionofHEParticlesineachofthesesevenclasseswhileFigure8showstheresultsforthefourseparatearXivdisciplines.

6DistributionofHEPPublicationsamongJournals

The5016articlesconsideredinthisstudyappearedindifferentpeer-reviewedjournals.Thedis-tributionofarticlesoverthedifferentjournalsispresentedinTable4forthefourdifferentHEPdisciplinesandtheirglobalaverage,whichisalsoshowninFigure9.Onlythe11journalswithashareabove1%areconsideredinTable4andFigure9.However,theshareofNuclearInstrumentsandMethodsinPhysicsResearch(NIM)isalsosingledout.ThecontributiontothisjournalisinterestingasthistitleisthereferencejournalforinstrumentationinHEP.ThelowshareofthisjournalinthetotalisduetothereducedcontributionofexperimentalHEPtothetotalproductioncomparedtothetheoreticalandphenomenologicalstudies,aspresentedinFigure1.However,thelowpercentageofinstrumentationarticlesamongthetotalamountofexperimentalarticles,2.7%,isalsoduetothefarlesswidespreadcultureofself-archivingresultsinarXivintheHEPinstrumentationcommunity.AdirectinspectionofarticlespublishedinNIMin2005revealedabout30%ofarticlesofpotentialinterestforHEPinstrumentationwhichhadnotbeensubmittedtoarXiv,neitherbeforenorafterpublication.

13

CERN & Member States

30.7%

5.8%

United States

16.3%

10.2%

8.0%

0.8%

28.2%Other Countries

Figure7:CollaborativepatternsinHEP.Numbersinthecirclesattheverticesofthetrianglerepresentthepercentagesofarticlesproducedbyindividualauthorsorauthorscollaboratingwithotherswithinthesamegroupofcountriesandinstitutions.Numbersinthedashedcirclesalongthesidesofthetrianglerepresentthepercentagesofarticlesproducedbycollaborationsofauthorsfromcountriesandinstitutionsinthetwogroupsindicatedbytheneighbouringvertices.Thenumberinthedashedcircleinthecentreofthetrianglerepresentsthearticlesproducedbycollaborationsspanningthethreegroupsofcountries.TheplotpresentsresultsfortheentireHEPproductionsubmittedtoarXivin2005andsubsequentlypublished.

14

CERN & Member States

ex 4.7%lat 34.6%ph 33.1%th 32.0%

ex 2.7%lat 5.3%ph 6.5%th 5.5%

United States

ex 3.3%lat 19.9%ph 17.1%th 17.1%

ex 78.7%lat 9.3%ph 5.8%th 4.3%

ex 8.0%lat 8.5%ph 8.6%th 7.3%

ex 0.3%lat 3.3%ph 0.5%th 0.8%

ex 2.4%lat 19.1%ph 28.4%th 33.0%

Other Countries

Figure8:CollaborativepatternsinHEP.CollaborativepatternsinHEP.Numbersinthecirclesattheverticesofthetrianglerepresentthepercentagesofarticlesproducedbyindividualauthorsorauthorscollaboratingwithotherswithinthesamegroupofcountriesandinstitutions.Numbersinthedashedcirclesalongthesidesofthetrianglerepresentthepercentagesofarticlesproducedbycollaborationsofauthorsfromcountriesandinstitutionsinthetwogroupsindicatedbytheneighbouringvertices.Thenumbersinthedashedcircleinthecentreofthetrianglerepresentsthearticlesproducedbycollaborationsspanningthethreegroupsofcountries.TheplotpresentstheresultsforeachofthefourdisciplinesinwhicharXivpreprintsareclassifiedbytheauthors.

15

AnanalysisoftheresultsinTable4showsthat83%ofHEParticlesarepublishedinjustsixjournals:PhysicalReview(AthroughE);JournalofHighEnergyPhysics(JHEP);PhysicsLetters(AandB);NuclearPhysics(AandB);PhysicalReviewLettersandtheEuropeanPhysicalJournal(AandC).

Journal

APSSISSAElsevierElsevierAPSSpringerIOP

WorldScientificWorldScientificIOPSISSAElsevier−

hep-ex

52.8%14.2%15.9%6.5%2.4%2.0%0.8%0.8%1.6%−−−2.8%

hep-ph

19.7%31.8%11.6%10.7%1.8%1.0%3.1%2.6%2.3%3.8%1.3%−10.2%

Average

informationonthejournalsmostusedbytheHEPcommunityandonthegeographicaldistributionoftheirauthors.

ItisinterestingtoputtheseresultsintothewidercontextofapossibletransitionofHEPpublishingtoanOpenAccessmodel[1].Thefindingthat83%ofHEParticlesarepublishedinjustsixjournalsandthat87%ofthearticlesappearinjournalspublishedbyjustfourpublishersisparticularlyinteresting.ItdemonstratesthatthenumberofpartnerstobeengagedwithinadebateonachangeoftheHEPpublishingmodelisrelativelysmall.TheworldwidecollaborativepatternsinHEP,whicharequantifiedinthisarticle,suggestthatoncealimitednumberofcountriesembraceanOpenAccesspublishingmodel,a“dominoeffect”likelytospreadthispolicytoothercountries,throughcoauthorshiplinks.Last,butnotleast,theassessmentoftherelativecontributiontotheworldwideproductionofHEPscientificresultswhichtakesintoaccountthecoauthorshipphenomenon,presentedinTable2andFigure4,mightconstitutethebasisforamodelwhereeachcountryorinstitutionwouldcontributewiththeir“fairshare”towardsthefinancialcostofOpenAccesspublishing.

Acknowledgments

TheideabehindthisanalysiscameupinmanydiscussionswithR¨udigerVossandGigiRolandionthetopicofOpenAccess.WeareindebtedtoSandrineReyesandSusanneSch¨aferfortheirhelpinthecompilationofthedatasetandtoourcolleaguesatSLACandelsewhereformaintainingandoperatingSPIRES.

References

[1]R.Vossetal.,ReportoftheTaskForceonOpenAccessPublishinginParticlePhysics,2006.

http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search.py?recid=966160&ln=en[2]L.Goldschmidt-Clermont,CommunicationPatternsinHigh-EnergyPhysics,1965;

publishedinHighEnergyPhysicsLibrariesWebzine,issue6,March2002.http://library.cern.ch/HEPLW/6/papers/1/

[3]P.Ginsparg,FirstStepsTowardsElectronicResearchCommunicationComputersinPhysics8

(1994)390.

Additionalmaterialcanbefoundathttp://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~ginsparg/blurb/[4]http://arxiv.org

[5]http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires

[6]H.Aiharaetal.,ReportbytheWorkingGrouponAuthorshipinLargeScientificCollaborations

inExperimentalHighEnergyPhysics,IUPAP-C11,2005.

100105.pdfhttp://www.iupap.org/commissions/c11/reports/WG[7]M.E.J.Newmann,ThestructureofscientificcollaborationnetworksProc.Nat.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.

98(2001)404[arxiv:cond-mat/0007214];

19

X.Liuetal.,Co-authorshipnetworksinthedigitallibraryresearchcommunityInformationPro-cessing&Management41(2005)1462[arxiv:cs.DL/0502056];

M.A.Rodriguez,AMulti-GraphtoSupporttheScholarlyCommunication[arxiv:cs.DL/0601121].

20

Int.J.Mod.Phys.Phys.Lett.Phys.Rev.Phys.Rev.Lett.J.ofPhys.0.7%

Germany

6.1%

INFN

2.5%

Spain

0.6%

Sweden

1.1%

Netherlands

5.6%

Russia

1.2%

UnitedStates

3.0%

Brazil

8.3%

China

2.4%

Taiwan

1.8%

OtherCountriesTotal

MemberStates

30.8%

OtherCountriesTotal

26.4%100%5.8%100%49.2%0.5%1.9%1.7%24.3%1.5%2.2%1.6%4.8%6.9%9.3%

1.5%

13.5%

6.5%

10.3%

4.0%

2.2%

1.9%

1.2%

1.0%

1.1%

6.1%

3.9%

0.7%

21.0%

2.0%

0.2%

7.9%

1.8%

3.6%

0.6%

2.6%

4.1%100%53.8%

19.2%

25.2%100%

0.7%

14.1%

5.1%

5.4%

2.8%

1.8%

0.9%

1.0%

1.2%

0.4%

4.0%

8.6%

0.3%

6.9%

2.8%

5.3%

4.9%

10.7%

1.1%

1.6%

1.3%

7.9%100%51.5%

48.1%

41.6%100%

1.3%

4.2%

10.6%

4.0%

3.4%

0.9%

2.2%

0.4%

1.7%

−

9.6%

7.4%−

16.8%

3.9%

5.4%

3.1%

4.6%

5.2%

1.7%−

24.6%100%19.9%

10.8%

63.3%100%

0.3%

6.5%

5.1%

4.3%

2.2%

1.8%−

−

−

1.6%

9.3%

2.3%

1.1%

24.4%

0.3%

1.1%

9.4%

2.3%

6.3%

−

−

8.6%100%44.5%

23.0%

31.0%100%

2.0%

1.6%

12.6%

14.6%

4.8%

0.2%

2.3%

−

−

0.2%

9.0%

12.6%

0.7%

31.7%

2.6%

1.0%

11.3%

−

5.4%

−

−

3.8%100%47.0%

16.3%

21.3%100%

1.1%4.4%5.0%0.5%1.0%8.1%0.1%1.0%13.6%1.7%0.8%

10.8%

OthersJCAPInt.J.Mod.Phys.Phys.Lett.Phys.Rev.Lett.Phys.Rev.J.ofPhys.CERNGermanyUKINFNFranceSpain

SwitzerlandSwedenPortugalNetherlandsOtherM.S.RussiaIsrael

UnitedStatesCanadaBrazilJapanChinaIndiaTaiwanKorea

OtherCountriesMemberStatesUnitedStatesOtherCountries

15.5%26.1%26.2%24.4%24.7%29.1%18.3%19.8%39.0%14.8%26.2%25.8%38.5%40.5%35.2%34.4%35.6%38.4%28.3%48.0%32.7%28.7%25.3%40.5%33.0%

29.3%20.4%27.0%22.7%13.4%33.3%24.0%33.5%10.7%47.0%22.2%6.1%25.2%19.4%21.3%12.4%15.0%7.9%17.2%8.8%27.8%15.5%23.7%19.4%14.2%

16.4%15.4%12.8%14.6%18.2%12.2%26.4%15.7%16.8%8.7%13.0%17.3%10.2%11.6%10.9%18.3%15.5%18.1%19.8%18.3%21.0%15.9%14.6%11.6%16.5%

15.6%12.8%8.8%14.7%13.5%6.5%14.4%10.9%5.7%10.6%9.3%6.8%11.4%7.3%11.2%0.7%8.1%3.3%4.6%4.6%4.4%4.7%11.2%7.3%5.9%

2.4%4.9%3.3%4.4%4.1%5.0%4.1%3.6%6.5%2.2%2.8%2.0%1.4%9.6%5.1%1.3%3.2%2.3%1.9%5.6%3.6%1.5%4.0%9.6%2.5%

7.7%6.9%5.7%4.0%7.2%2.8%2.1%4.9%1.1%1.9%6.6%7.8%4.8%1.2%1.1%8.8%1.4%10.0%4.6%6.1%1.2%4.7%5.6%1.2%5.0%

2.2%1.6%3.3%1.8%2.4%1.9%4.7%−4.4%−3.2%2.8%−1.0%3.4%5.7%1.0%3.7%4.5%−−5.1%2.4%1.0%3.1%

0.7%1.1%1.1%1.6%1.2%0.7%−1.1%3.1%−1.2%3.6%2.6%1.6%2.9%4.8%1.3%2.3%6.0%3.4%4.7%7.9%1.1%1.6%4.0%

0.4%1.1%1.2%1.6%1.2%0.7%−−−2.2%2.4%1.8%1.9%1.7%0.2%3.4%2.2%1.1%4.2%−−4.2%1.3%1.7%2.3%

1.9%1.3%3.9%1.3%0.5%1.1%−−4.4%3.1%2.3%0.8%2.6%1.8%4.6%0.8%1.0%0.9%1.8%−1.1%2.1%1.9%1.8%1.5%

1.5%0.9%1.7%0.8%1.5%1.9%2.2%5.5%−3.4%1.3%0.2%0.6%0.7%1.0%0.7%1.6%0.9%2.1%−−0.1%1.4%0.7%0.8%

−−0.5%0.5%0.2%−−−−0.1%0.4%0.6%0.1%0.3%0.1%0.1%−−−−0.1%0.1%0.3%0.3%0.1%

6.3%7.5%4.5%7.5%11.8%4.8%3.8%5.0%8.3%6.0%9.1%24.4%0.7%3.4%3.0%8.8%14.1%11.2%4.9%5.1%3.5%9.6%7.2%3.4%11.1%

OthersJCAP