直接引语和间接引语

4. Father asked Anne why she had gone to bed so late the night before. →”Why did you go to bed so late last night?” Father asked Anne.

直接引语变间接引语

定义

直接引语：直接引用别人说的话，并在原话前加引号。

间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，多数以宾语从句的形式。

1.人称变化

直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人立场的变化进行相应的改变。 “一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”

(1) 一随主

从句的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰时，从句的主语按照主句的主语变化

eg. She said,” My daughter wants to see the film Young Style.” →She said her daughter wanted to see the film Young Style. My uncle said,” My garden is very dusty.”

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(2) 二随宾

从句的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰时，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。 eg. He said to Mary,” How is your sister now?” →He said to Mary how her sister was then. Mike asked Jane,” What’s your opinion?”

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(3) 第三人称不更新

从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三日人称所修饰，从句中的人称不变化 eg. Ben said,” The twins went to watch the game.” →Ben said the twins had gone to watch the game. Jenny said,” He is our new math teacher.”

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2.时态变化 例句 时态变化 直接引语 一般现在时 ↓ 一般过去时 现在进行时 ↓ 过去进行时 现在完成时 ↓ 过去完成时 一般过去时 ↓ 过去完成时 过去完成时不变 一般将来时 ↓ 过去将来时 He said,” I will walk to school.” He said,” I walked to school.” He said,” I have walked to school.” He said,” I am walking to school.” He said,” I walk to school.” He said that he walked to school. 间接引语 He said that he was walking to school. He said that he had walked to school. He said that he had walked to school. He said that he had walked to school. He said that he would walk to school. He said,” I had walked to school.”

*以下情况时态不变

(1)直接引语中有明确的过去时间状语

Father said,” The movement took place in 1945.” →Father said that the movement took place in 1945.

(2)间接引语着眼于转述事实，而不侧重句中动作先于转述的动作

The little girl said,” I found the dog around the shop.”

→The little girl said that she found the dog around the shop.

（3）所转述的动作或状态在说话时仍在继续，且说话者对这一点加以强调。

He told me,” I am helping my dad on the farm now.” →He told me that he is helping his dad on the farm now.

(4) 所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句、格言谚语等，且说话者对此加以强调 Our teacher said,” All roads lead to Rome.”

→Our teacher told us that all roads lead to Rome.

(5) 直接引语中包含when, while, since等引导的表示过去的时间状语从句，从句时态不变 The old man said,” It is many years since I came to live here.”

→The old man said that it was many years since he came to live there. (6) 直接引语中含有某些没有过去式的情态动词 The student said,” I must go home every weekend.” →The student said that he must go home every weekend. (7) 直接引语中的谓语动词是习惯性动词

His daughter said,” I usually get up at 6:00 and go to school at 8:00.”

→His daughter said that she usually gets up at 6:00 and goes to school at 8:00.

(8) 直接引语中的状语“…days ago”是从说话时算起 Grandpa said,” I met her three days ago.” →Grandpa said that he met her three days ago.

(9) 直接引语中动词所表示的动作或状态还没有发生

“I’ll come tomorrow,” the famous singer said.

→The famous singer said that she’ll come tomorrow. (10) 当直接引语在动词insist, suggest, order, propose, demand等后，变间接引语时要用虚拟语气，即用“(should+)动词原形”。

The boss demanded,” Finish the job within a week! Mary.”

→The boss demanded that Mary (should) finish the job within a week.

3.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化 指示代词 直接引语 this 这个 these 这些 now 现在 today 今天 this week/month 这周/月 tomorrow 明天 the day after tomorrow 后天 yesterday 昨天 the day before yesterday 前天 last week/year 上周/去年 间接引语 that 那个 those 那些 then 那时 that day 那天 that week/month 那周/月 the next day 第二天 two days later/in two days time 两天之后 the day before 前一天 two days before 两天以前 the week/year before 前一周/前一年 时间状语 Three days/a year ago 三天前/一年three days/a year before 三天前/一年前 前 next week/year 下周/明年 地点状语 here 这里 the next/following week/year 第二周/第二年 there 那里 go 去 take 带去 方向性动come 来 词 bring 带来

eg. His brother said,” I have been working here for a dozen years.”

_______________________________________________________________________________ He said,” I want to go swimming now.”

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4.主要句式的变化

（1）陈述句

直接引语为陈述句时，转化为间接引语时应用that引导，也可省略；主句动词主要用say, tell, repeat, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等 His mother said to him,” You’ll catch a bad cold.” →His mother told him that he would catch a bad cold. (2)疑问句

①一般疑问句和反意疑问句

直接引语为一般疑问句或反意疑问句时，转化为间接引语应用连词whether或if引导，原句中的谓语动词say要改为ask，语序用陈述句语序 I asked her,” Have you looked at a map yet?”

→I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. She said,” You are interested in English, aren’t you?” →She asked (me) whether/if I was interested in English.

②选择疑问句

直接引语为选择疑问句时，转化为间接引语应用whether…or…引导，而不用either…or…引导

He asked her,” Do you want to go there by air or by train?”

→He asked her whether she wanted to go there by air or by train.

③特殊疑问句

直接引语为特殊疑问句时，转化为间接引语应将原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连接词，主句的谓语动词ask(sb.) 来表达，语序用陈述句语序 “What are they doing?” I asked George. →I asked George what they were doing. ④含有请求、建议的疑问句

直接引语为包含请求、建议的疑问句时，转化为间接引语应可以用以下结构转述 ask sb. to do sth.

suggest doing sth. advise sb. to do sth.

“ Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. →He asked me to open the door.

“ Why not go out for a walk?” he asked us. → He advised us to go out for a walk. (3)祈使句

直接引语为祈使句时，转化为间接引语应将祈使句的谓语动词变成不定式做宾语补足语，引述部分的动词say须改为ask, tell, order, beg, warn, advise等表示“祈使、命令”的动词；祈使句为否定句时需要在不定式前加上not。有些表示建议的祈使句需要改成 “suggest/advise that…(should+) 动词原形”结构

She said,” Go round the corner on the left and keep going straight for two blocks..”

→She told us to go round the corner on the left and keep going straight for two blocks.