词法翻译学生版

词法翻译即根据“表达通顺”的需要在词类层次进行的各种处理，包括词性（类）转换、增词或减词、重复或省略、正译或反译、抽象化和具体化等等方法，以达到“表达通顺”之目的，此类方法，大多属于“此路不通，另辟蹊径”。

第一节 词类转译

词类转译又叫词性转换。翻译过程中，为了句子通顺的需要，有时需改变原文的词性，不必也不可拘泥于原文的词性：即不能追求词性的对等。

一、转译成动词：

1. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

2. The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.

3. I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 4. Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 5. It was a very informative meeting. 6. This pupil is a good writer. 7. I am no drinker, nor smoker.

8. I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 9. Rockets have found their application for the exploration of the universe. 10. Arrogance and complacency turned out to be his ruin.

11. The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity. 12. Ours is a policy for peace.

13. Those Mexicans were great workmen. (jinghao: P.107) 14. The Bench was nothing to me but an insensible blunderer. 15. He is not an originator, but merely a calculator.

二、转译成名词：

1. Formality has always characterized their relationship. 2. To them, he personified the absolute power.

3. It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the conference. 4. This instrument is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. 5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.

6. This problem is no more important than that one.

7. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 8. Stevenson is eloquent and elegant—but soft.

9. Because of Einstein’s theory, scientists never regarded again regarded the world as they had before.

10. The knowledge of how to communicate in an original, amusing, and spontaneous manner to

delight the audience may be of importance to a would-be lecturer.

三、转译成形容词。

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1. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 2. It is editorially reported that the conference was a great success.

3. I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.(Zhang: P.56-57)

4. She promptly shepherded them out of the crowded living room and into the privacy of the library.

5. Boys are supposed to think differently from girls.

6. He became more surprised at the singularity of the stranger’s appearance. 7. She wisely determined to give it up. (Jinghao: 111-113) 8. This particular bit of Iceland was also heavily populated.

9. Nobody came and went. In the solitude of the dark winter night, there was nowhere to come and go.

10. The simplicity and cheerfulness of her nature, her contented and grateful spirit, were a recommendation to everybody.

四、转译成副词：汉语中副词在句子中多充当修饰语，修饰动词、形容词和其它副词，因而从英语其它短语转译成汉语副词的，往往是相关整个短语整体转换，而不是孤立转换。 1. What he said at the meeting was sheer nonsense. 2. People against the plan were in a clear minority.

3. Can you give an exact interpretation of this sentence? 4. He had a careful study of the map before starting off.

5. It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue. (谭卫国：147)

6. For a clearer picture of what the student knows, most of teachers use another kind of examination in addition to objective tests. They use “essay” tests, which require students to write long answers of broad, general questions.

7. Companies should strive to convince consumers that the benefits of an online data-collection program outweigh its intrusiveness (meaning: annoyance). （张春柏：p.99）

8. I am taking the liberty of sending you these lines, hoping you will be good enough to publish them under your own name.

9. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. (张培基：p.55)

10. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. (庄绎传2002：p.30, 252)

综合练习：

1. The computer works with high calculating speed, high stability, and low consumption. 2. He has surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. 3. The significance of red-light running is magnified by its high visibility. 4. He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment. 5. Two days later, I received a note from him saying he was impressed by my credentials, liked my answers to his questions and would probably invite me for additional interview. (杨立民III：P.107)

6. It was not until about 1600 BC when the chariot was invented that the maximum speed was raised to roughly twenty miles per hour.

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So impressive was this invention, so difficult was it to exceed this speed limit, that nearly 3 500 years later, when the first mail coach began operation in England in 1784, it averaged a mere 10 mph. (大学英语精读III. Unit 10)

7. In a major study, psychologist Martin E.P. Selgman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed the sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20 more.

Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10-percent more insurance than did the average representatives. (研究生英语精读教程（下）：P.3)

8. What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed and even assuming it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leapfrog into leadership in entirely new technology or whether it should take the softer opinion of merely catching up with the industrialized countries. (中译：99-5-23-24)

9. If you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret. It may help you to remember the French writer Colette’s advice: There are times when you need to “put a smile on your philosophy of life”. When that philosophical smile is warm, it is often contagious.( (中译：98-3-13-14)

10. Check the list of members, and roster of events of every organization you might join. Do not be afraid to ask tough questions about any group’s strength and reputation.

11. When, for no apparent reason, all conversation in a room suddenly comes to a halt and everyone fails to come up with something appropriate to say, a painful silence develops.

12. So take some of that extra time you might have spent in a health club or gym and give it over to the arts.

13. We have acquired a keen sense of the diversity, dynamism, and progress of China under your policies of reform and opening to the outside world.

14. At last, he whispered a hurried good-bye to his host and darted toward the door. (张培基：p.57) 15. Somehow I always give myself away. Once I pinched a hotel towel to wrap up a wet swimming-costume. They were robbing me any-way, slamming the bag shut as the chambermaid entered the room, I hurried down the hall with my collar turned up and hat pulled down spy style, but knees knocking and heart pounding, I could see the lift-man eyeing my bag, and it seemed that everybody I met in the foyer was a plain-clothes policeman. I paid the bill, and the cashier called after me as I turned to leave: “Just a minute sir”. I stammered a full confession, opened my bag and handed over the towel. The cashier seemed embarrassed. “The chambermaid just phoned downstairs”, he explained. “You left your shaving-kit in the bathroom”.

第二节 增词译法

一、为了句意明了或背景需要，需进行表意性或解释性增词。

1. You’ve got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers. If you are not careful, they’ll take you and turn you inside out. (Zhangjinghao: P.130)

2. Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.

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(To wash after getting up. To wash before going to bed.)

3. Day after day he came to his work—sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 4. He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.

5. After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the US to San Francisco. 6. This is the final solution to your problem. (Jin Meilin: P. 112) 7. We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. 8. The remedies you propose are neat and easy but infeasible.

9. He fought a comer from the Coast one night and took the worst beating of his career. But he was on his feet at the end. With a jaw broken in three places. 10. He was a patriotic, adventurous, and romantic writer.

11. According to some informed official, the tensions between the two countries are being eased. 12. The room was warm and comfortably American. 13. Our rushing is understandable, but costly.

14. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.

二、为了句子通顺需要，需进行结构性增词，一类是增补原文处于句法简洁需要而省略的成分；其次是出于表达通顺的需要增加表示名词复数的词、叠词、数词、表达时间的词、语气助词、量词等等。

1. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. 2. I don’t regret, I never have and never will.

3. Sometimes their faces froze, sometimes their feet and their hands.

4. He did not really represent their opinions to the high-ups, although he claimed he did. 5. The crowds melted away.

6. Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.

7. The old man said, “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.” 8. I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.

9. I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. 10. The lion is the king of animals.

11. A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.

12. The thesis summed up the new latest progress made in electronic computers, artificial satellites,

and rockets. 三、为了逻辑明晰严谨需要，需进行逻辑性增词：抽象名词作主语、代词所指具体事物等等。 1. Chance or circumstance, it must be added, has made this declaration almost contemporary with the scientific discoveries that have revolutionized the world.

2. You have heard this story before? No matter, I will tell it again because it points to a moral, and, better than that, to a state of mind.

3. Tom Mann said he must speak to him, and advanced as Lenin came toward us. How glad he was to greet Tom Mann! His face lit up with pleasure as he told Tom how closely he had followed his activities all over the world.

4. He stepped to the platform and paused: a little dingy station, a small crowd of travelers. 5. A little forethought would have saved you much trouble.

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6. Further delay would cause us greater losses.

7. The availability of water power helped make New England a manufacturing center. 8. Such subtle flattery got him almost everything.

9. Some political scientists argue that the cynicism is more a rejection of specific policies and incumbents than government itself.

10. Failure to answer half the questions they asked made the police suspect him. 11. Ours is a mobile society.

四、为了传达原文文采，需进行修辞性增词。 1. A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 2. Success is just an idea away.

3. The gray hair should be respected throughout the society.

5. The spring sun is warm, urging vegetation and awakening hibernation. 6. He was born in a family of wealth, pleasure and harmony.

7. The cold wind is blowing, the snow falling, and the red flags flying.

第三节 省略译法

省略译法亦称减词译法，主要分为以下三种情况： 一、表意性省略：

1. After leaving Chicago we headed in the direction of William Hinton’s farm near Philadelphia. 2. They took him with them to the village-temple one day, and asked the good old priest who lived there if he would have their little boy for his acolyte (follower), and teach him all that a priest ought to know.

3. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.

4. I turned and twisted a thousand times between the sheets, prey to a dreadful anxiety and fear. 5. The crowd was pushing harder. Those in the middle were squeezed against each other so tightly they could not move in any direction.

6. At the birth of her second child she went into a long coma and emerged with a clear case of schizophrenia or “split personality”.

7. The late Mrs. Achson had passed to her Maker somewhere about 1930.

8. People are always neglecting something they can do in trying to do something they can’t do. 9. The significance of a man is not in what he attains but rather in what he longs to attain.

10. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and shelter for us in an advanced age; and if we do no plant while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.

二、结构性省略：英语是重句法成分完整的语言，在译成汉语时，原文中的冠词、代词、介词、连词等结构性用词，能省就省。

1. He was a little man with an untidy beard and a prominent paunch (belly) that seemed startlingly out of place because of his emancipated appearance.

2. It seemed miraculous to her that a machine could remember so much and was always there, ready and waiting to do its work.

3. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 4. She looked gloomy and troubled.

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5. Because the departure was not easy, we made it brief.

6. The president said, “We shall now vote on draft resolution II as whole.”

7. I should like to make a brief statement regarding some of the considerations leading to our affirmative vote.

8. Mr. Bingley is good looking and gentlemen-like.

9. A wise man will never marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.

10. “Now, if we put this sofa against the wall and move everything out of the room except the

chairs, don’t you think it all right?”

三、逻辑性省略和修辞性省略：

1. He ordered a Gibson (a martini garnished with a cocktail onion) and shouldered his way in between two other men at the bar.

2. There must be some people in the room, for I heard a voice.

3. Running as fast as his legs could carry him, he was soon out of breath.

4. He pushed this door, as he had been told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furniture but a plain kitchen table, a rocking-chair, and an ordinary chair.

5. According to Bertrand Russell, most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages.

6. “It pains me to find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you,” said the father to his two college-age sons.

7. I caught sight of her at the play, and in answer to her beckoning I went over during the interval and sat down beside her.

8. University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.

9. He continued to order the stale bread—never a cake, never a pie, never one of the other delicious pasteries in the showcase.

10. As soon as the boy got into the compartment he felt there was something queer in it.

综合练习：

1. A little of everything and nothing at all.

2. His diligence, earnestness, carefulness, and brilliance make him praised by all. 3. There is something vulgar about her. 4. This road will take you to the station. 5. Business took me to the town.

6. Careful comparison of them will show the difference.

7. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

8. When popular media trumpeted the paradigm-shifting importance of the Internet, one of the more misleading adjectives used to describe the global communications net works was \"ubiquitous\"（WIDESPREAD）.

9．The desire to avoid feeling guilty makes us avoid the worst sort of behavior. 10．He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.

11. I was surprised when he flew off the handle and told me if I mentioned anything of the kind to

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mother he’d kill me.

12. Francis is a strange mixture of intellectual power and moral weakness.

13. I think that’s the cornerstone of good management: set clear goals and good people to help you achieve them. As long as they are doing what you have in mind, don’t interfere, but if somebody drops the ball, intervene and makes a change.

14. “Heaven helps those who help themselves,” is a well-worn maxim, embodying in a small compass the results of vast human experience. The spirit of self-help is the root of all genuine growth in the individual; and exhibited in the lives of many, it constitutes the true source of national vigor and strength. Help from outside is often enfeebling in its effects, but help from inside invariably invigorates. Whatever is done for men or classes, to a certain extent takes away the stimulus and necessity of doing for themselves; and where men are subjected to over-guidance and over-government, the inevitable tendency is to render them comparatively helpless.

15. Maslow defined the need for self-realization as “the desire to become more than one is, to become everything one is capable of”. A person who operates on this level usually views work as something to be done in order to feel complete as a person to fulfill a personal philosophy. It is a higher-level need than the one for esteem because the person involved already feels that he or his work is worthwhile and respected. Such people find their work intrinsically interesting and satisfying.

第四节 重复译法

重复分为两类：一是原文本身有重复，翻译时照译不误；二是原文由于某种需要省略的词，翻译时需重复，实质上是一种特殊的增词。重复没有词性。就方式而论，重复分为完全重复和概念重复；就目的而言，重复可使句子结构更加完整、逻辑更加严谨，含义更加明了、语气更加强烈、或起到某种修辞效果。

一、原文重复，译文照译，即传递原文所使用的重复手段，一般具有修辞效果。 1. Home is home, be it ever so homely.

2. I want to talk to you about the future, about our future tomorrow. 3. No one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.

4. That is our policy and that is our declaration. (Churchill’s speech). 5. If you don’t succeed at first, try, try, try again. (Guo: P. 67)

6. What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and to learn.

7. Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of villainous men who plan, organize, and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind.

8. … that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln, “Gettysburg Address”)

9. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas, and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields, and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender … .(Churchill’s speech)

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二、原文省略，译文重复：有些情况下，原文运用代词或者省略的表述，译成汉语时需要重复其中某些成分才能使句意清楚，这实际上是一种特殊的增词译法。 1. John is your friend as much as mine.

2. But we still have defect, and very big ones.

3. Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. (Zhang Peiji: P.77) 4. Happy families also had their own troubles. 5. Each country has its own customs.

6. Whoever violates the law should be punished.

7. She was proficient both as a singer and as a dancer.

8. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other—of everything but our host and hostess.

9. But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.

10. They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations

as an American.

11. We traveled the 3000 miles from the west coast to the east by road, rail, and air.

12. She was as different from him as possible—calm as he was furious; moderate as he was

fanatical; indulgent as he was sharp; reticent as he was garrulous. (Zhang Jinghao: P. 151) 13. I must admit that I could never have anticipated his ability to discover, much less to appreciate

such hidden virtues.

14. Common and recurrent diseases have among other things been investigated and studied.

(Jin Meilin: P.122-123.)

15. The signs of China’s influence and success abound in America. (by Reagon) 16. He prefers Dutch chess and I prefer Danish. 17. You should do whatever you are asked to.

18. To him, the birds sang, the squirrel chattered, and the flowers bloomed. (Zhang Peiji: P. 81)

三、意义重复：英语普通词译成汉语重复（叠）词，以示强调或增强修辞效果： great contributions gratitude ingratitude prosperity vivid hesitate arrogance grotesque careless in chaos street gossip rumors

1. He gave Lili every dime of that money. (Zhang Jinghao: P.148) 2. “But you’re bleeding to death,” protested she. “I’d rather die!” said the injured sister.

3. One day he drew some very clever picture of cats upon a paper screen.

4. I could not help thinking of this fable when the other day I saw George lunching by himself in a restaurant. I never saw anyone wear an expression of such deep gloom.

5. There have been too much publicity about my case. (Zhang Peiji: P.85—86 ) 6. I have been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.

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7. With his tardiness, careless and appalling good humor, we were sore perplexed.

8. The mayor of Toledo said in 1932, “I have seen thousands and thousands of these defeated, discouraged, hopeless men and women, cringing and fawning as they come to ask for public aid. It is a spectacle of national degradation. (William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream) 9. Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.

10. It was a bright September afternoon, and the streets of New York were brilliant with moving

men.

11. He showed himself calm in an emergent situation.

12. The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found

himself tongue-tied.

13. It’s a bit fishy that she should have given away a villa like that.

14. With what seemed my last hope frustrated, I slipped into a deep lethargy.

15. Old Behrman was a painter who lived on the ground floor beneath them. He was past sixty and had long white beard curling down over his chest. Despite looking the part, Behrman was a failure in art. For forty years he had been always about to paint a masterpiece, but had never yet begun it. He earned a little by serving as a model to those young artists who could not pay the price of a professional. He drank gin to excess, and still talked of his coming masterpiece. For the rest has was a fierce little old man, who mocked terribly at softness in anyone, and who regarded himself as guard dog to the two young artists in the studio above. Sue found Berhman smelling strongly of gin in his dimly lighted studio below. In one corner was a blank canvas on an easel that had been waiting there for twenty-five years to receive the first line of the masterpiece. She told him of Johnsy’s fancy, and how she feared she would, indeed, light and fragile as a leaf herself, float away, when her slight hold upon the world grew weaker. Old Behrman, with his red eyes plainly streaming, shouted his contempt for such foolish imaginings.

第五节 正译与反译

词法翻译中的正译与反译不同于句法翻译中肯定与否定的译法，也就是说，正译与反译同原文肯定或是否定句型可以有关，也可以无关。正译与反译的运用有助于表达的通顺，有时可加强语气。 例如：

1. Excuse me. 2. Don’t stop working. 3. He went into the insecure building. 4. This would cover my absence from the house. 5. Without reasoning one is apt to be beyond control. 6. His explanation is pretty thin. 7. Wet paint! 8. Admission by Invitation Only. 9. Keep upright. 10. Agreeable Sweetness.

一、英语从正面表达，汉语从反面表达：

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1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Their rescue attempts turned out predictably futile. 3. It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out. 4. We are watching with concern the fluid situation in the Mid-east. 5. This problem is above me. 6. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 7. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 8. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 9. When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do. 10. Her husband hates to see her stony face.

二、英语从反面表达，汉语从正面表达：

1. It was said that someone had sown discord among them. 2. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 3. The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 4. Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably. 5. The investigation left no doubt that the victim had died of murder. 6. Generally she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy. 7. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 8. Don’t make your conclusion before the end of the year. 9. He returned home with no hope on his face. 10. The train from Moscow will arrive in no time.

第六节 虚化与实化

抽象化和具体化，有的书上叫做实译与虚译、虚化和实化、或称虚实化意，是词法翻译中的又一对矛盾。在增词译法中，有些属于具体化翻译，例如： 1. We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water. 2. All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding. 3. No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.

4. The pharmachologists are making a careful study of the allergy of the medicine. 5. John’s lightheartedness, however, did not last long. 6. There had been too much violence in that region.

7. The competing interest groups confront each other with a show of passion and drama, sometimes over inconsequential matters or over a mere linguistic difference. 本节主要练习实化虚手法。虚化的主要对象是原文为了生动，运用一些形象化的表达方法，而译文无法直译，或直译后无法达意，故应予虚化。 1. I was practically on my knees by he still refused.

2. The two sisters were usually in agreement on most issues, but they were at swords’ points on the matter of love.

3. He is a rolling stone, I don’t think he can lay up any money.

4. Since I only got the news at second hand, I took it with a grain of salt. 5. I must bare my heart to someone, or I shall go mad!

6. I’ll break my neck to get this done by Friday, but I can’t promise for sure.

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7. By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husbands.

8. He thinks by all this fast thinking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes, but she isn’t deceived.

9. The matter was finally settled under the table. 10. The society held its meeting behind closed doors.

11. He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together. 12. This testimony puts quite a new face on the whole matter.

13. To my confusion, I discovered the yell was not ideal: hasty footsteps approached my chamber

door; somebody pushed it open with a vigorous hand.

14. “I can’t make that out,” said Michael. “It’s not like Rivarez to lose his head at a crisis.” 15. I have no head for music.

16. Please don’t wake a sleeping dog.

17. You can always fall back upon him when you are in difficulties.

18. If he is unhappy with her … why doesn’t he leave her? She can be happy without him. It is so

silly—this cat-and-dog existence.

19. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once. 20. Man for the field and woman for the hearth;

Man for the sword and for the needle she. Man with the head and woman with the heart;

Man to command and woman to obey. (--by Tennyson)

21. He felt like a fish out of water.

22. I hope this concession of ours will set the ball rolling.

23. Sometimes, walking in the street at night, I’ve been so desperate that I’ve made up my mind to

win the horse or lose the saddle.

24. Why are you rushing around like a chicken with its head cut off?

25. He gets up very early and sits up very late and is burning the candle at both ends. 26. I’d love to go out to lunch but you know I’m living on a shoestring.

27. There are one thousand and one people watching the games in the stadium yesterday. 28. Twenty to one, it will rain tonight. 29. A hundred to one it will be a success.

30. His chances of getting into Harvard are one out of hundred.

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