英译汉

英译汉

【内容】

一、大纲要求 二、词的翻译 三、句子翻译 四、翻译步骤 五、真题讲解

一、大纲要求

能够在不借助词典的情况下把一般难度、非专业性题材的英文句子或短文泽成汉语，译文通顺，用词基本正确，无重大语法错误。英译汉的速度应达到每小时250词以上。 二、词语的翻译方法 1.词义猜测

句子中如果有不认识的单词，要根据这句话和上下文的逻辑关系，如并列关系、因果关系、转折关系等推测词义。

例1：Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary.I have only the dim memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys.Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door.But I do have a crystal-clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds and above all, the insects.

【译文】第一次世界大战前，我们经常在匈牙利过暑假。我记不清楚我们住的房子、我的房间和玩具，也记不清楚当时在隔壁聚会的大家庭中的祖父母、姑妈、叔叔和堂兄妹们。但是我却对小狗、农场动物和当地的飞鸟，还有最重要的昆虫有着无比清晰的印象。

例2：One study shows that Americans prefer to answer with a brief “Yes”, “No”, “Sure”, or the very popular “Yeah” rather than with a longer reply.But brief replies do not mean Americans are impolite or unfriendly to some extent.

【译文】一项研究表明，美国人喜欢简短的回答“是的”，“不”，“好的”，或者非常流行的 “是”，而不用较长的回答。但是简短的回答并不意味着美国人某种程度上不礼貌或不友好。 例3：A decreasing birthrate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods.When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened.

【译文】出生率下降会造成生产商品市场的萎缩，从而导致失业。人口对住房的压力一旦减少，房屋价格就会下降，建筑业也就会受到削弱。 2.词义的选择

英国语言学家Geoffrey Leech在他的《语义学》（1981年）一书中对词的意义进行了划分，他将其分为七种类型，分别是概念意义（conceptual meaning）、内涵意义（connotative meaning）、社会意义（social meaning）、情感意义（affective meaning）、联想意义（reflected meaning）、搭配意义（collocative meaning）、主题意义（thematic meaning）。 对翻译的启示：

英语的某些词汇和短语在汉语中不能直译，要根据语境作适当的意译，以符合汉语的表达习惯。 例1：Much unfriendly feeling towards computers has been based on the fear of widespread unemployment resulting from their introduction.

【译文】许多对计算机不友好的感觉来自于对引进计算所造成的大规模失业的担心。

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例2：Human needs seem endless.When a hungry man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, a big house and pleasure boats dance into view.

【译文】人的需求是永无止境的。饿汉子有饭吃了，就想得到一件外套；经理人拥有了新跑车，便想得到大房子和游艇。

例3：Imagine a virus that could travel like the flu—and kill like HIV. 【译文】假设有一种病毒能够像流感一样传播，而且像艾滋病病毒一样致人于死命。 例4：At certain stops there are surprises.Some of these will translate into great moments of joy; some will result in profound sorrow.

【译文】在某些站点，我们还会遇到一些惊异的事情，它们或化作喜悦时刻，或以刻骨悲痛收场。

例5：A group of Italian youths waited for 45 minutes before they realized they would have to fetch their own wine.This may sound inconvenient, but there is a hidden purpose. 【译文】一伙意大利年轻人等了45分钟才明白他们得自己去买酒。这听起来似乎很不方便，但却有着深刻的内涵意义。 3.词性转换 — 转动词 （1）名词转动词 （2）形容词转动词 （3）介词转动词 （4）副词转动词

例1：In exchange, he said, China agreed to increase its domestic demand, meaning relying less on its cheap currency to drive exports.

【译文】他说，作为交换，中国同意扩大内需，即减少对廉价货币驱动出口的依赖。

例2：Obama replied, \"We believe strong dialogue is important not only for the U.S. and China, but for the rest of the world.\"

【译文】奥巴马回答说：“我们相信，加强对话不仅对美中，而且对世界其他国家来说都是重要的。”

例3：American strategic thinkers are calling attention to China’s increasing global economic reach and the growing capability of its military forces.

【译文】美国的战略思想家们则呼吁关注中国日益增强的全球经济影响力及其日益强大的军事力量。

例4：Care must be taken lest both sides analyze themselves into self-fulfilling prophecies.

【译文】双方必须慎重，以免不知不觉地让预言成为现实。

例5：For weeks, central Russia has been in the grips of its worst-ever heat wave, which has caused probably thousands of fatalities.

【译文】几周以来，俄罗斯中部地区深陷于历史上最严重的热浪之中，由此而造成的死亡人数可能高达数千。

例6：Shops and restaurants supply mixtures of Chinese and western food, the more genuine ones with menus in Chinese as well as English, but most customers eat with a knife and fork. 【译文】商店和餐馆供应中西合璧的食品。那些更正宗的中国餐馆，其菜谱则用中文和英文书写，但多数顾客都用刀叉吃饭。

例7：Over the library of one of our great law schools is inscribed the motto, “Not under man but under God and law.”

【译文】我国一所著名的法律学院的图书馆上镌刻着这样一句格言：“听命于法与主，而非听命于人。”

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三、句子的翻译 1.语序的调整

（1）后置的介词短语/非谓语动词的翻译

后置的介词短语/非谓语动词作定语在汉语中一般只要把介词短语所表达的意思放到所修饰的单词的前面就可以了。

例1：Technology is enabling man to explore even deeper under the sea. It is obvious that the technology to harvest the sea continues to improve. By the year 2050, experts believe that the problems to explore the food, minerals and energy resources of the sea will have been largely solved.

【译文】到2050年，专家相信开发海洋食品、矿产和能源的问题将会在很大程度上得到解决。 例2：Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there’s a big difference between “being a writer” and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. “You’ve got to want to write,” I say to them, “not want to be a writer”.

【译文】我总是鼓励这些人，但是我也会向他们解释“当作家”和“写作”的不同。 例3：The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists（经济学家）.

【译文】人口庞大的利弊一直是经济学家们讨论的话题。

例4：In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.

【译文】19世纪80年代，美国是一个分化极为明显的国家。

例5：As the Finns always act on good faith in everything they do, living in such a society has turned everyone into a real “gentleman”. In a society of such high moral practice, what need is there for people to be on guard against others? 【译文】在如此高尚的社会中，还需要防备别人吗？ （2）定语从句的翻译

英语中，定语从句都放在被修饰词后面，在翻译时把英语原句中的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组，放置于被修饰词之前。

例1：Nonverbal （非语言的） communication has to do with gestures, movements and closeness of two people when they are talking. The scientists say that those gestures, movements and so on have meaning which words do not carry.

【译文】科学家们说，这些姿态、行为等，有着话语所不能承载的含义。

例2：Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy away from loneliness. Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and lonely when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard.

【译文】那些喜欢他们的工作并取得很高成就的人觉得他们努力工作的时候是最幸福的时候。 ※ 有时，定语从句翻译成汉语时要放到先行词的后面，单独翻译成一个句子，因为在定语从句中，语法上虽然是定语，但在语义逻辑上并不是定语。这样翻译更符合汉语的表达习惯。 例3：The media provide entertainment and information. Unfortunately, they also promote fast food which fits easily into busy lifestyles.

【译文】不幸的是，他们也促进了快餐业的发展，因为他们符合人们忙碌的生活方式。 例4：Also, the young are less patient. Used to TV shows, where everything is quick and interesting, they do not have the patience to read an article without pictures; to read a book that requires thinking; to listen to a teacher who doesn’t do funny things

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like the people on children’s programs.

【译文】孩子们习惯了电视节目，在那里面，一切都是快捷有趣的，他们没有耐心读无插图的文章，也没有耐心读需要自己去思考的图书，也没有耐心聆听老师，因为老师不能像儿童节目里的人物一样做一些滑稽的事情。 （3）同位语从句的翻译

同位语从一般都较长，一般先将该从句用顺译法或合成法（视具体情况而定）译成一分句，然后前面的先行词视具体情况取舍或巧妙地安排。

例1：The atmosphere is usually very friendly, and the teachers have now accepted the idea that the important thing is to make the children happy and interested.

【译文】气氛通常非常友好，老师们也接受了这个观念，即重要的是让学生们感到快乐和有兴趣。

例2：From the above we can come to the conclusion that the more you work the happier and healthier you will be. Let us work hard and study hard and live a happy and healthy life.

【译文】从上文所述，我们可以得出以下结论：你做的工作越多，你就会越幸福和健康。 （4）状语部分

英语中作状语的成分可以是一个从句，有也可以介词短语或副词。英语的状语部分位置和汉语中的状语位置有时不同，翻译时一般要提前。

例1：If people praise them or thank them in an especially polite way, they may become uncomfortable and not know what to say in reply.

【译文】如果人们以特别礼貌的方式表扬或感谢他们，他们可能会变得不舒服，不知道该说什么作为回答。

例2：They contain the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture.

【译文】他们各自的文化中，都具有最便捷，最有效的交流方式。

例3：You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to assure them that you mean no threat.

【译文】你很可能给其他乘客很快的一瞥（你很可能很快地撇一眼其他乘客），打量他们一下，以此让他们确信你对他们没有威胁。

例4：They are usually too lazy to plant and look after the trees. So, unless the government has a good system of control, or can educate the people, the forests will slowly disappear.

【译文】所以，除非有好的控制体系，或者能教育好民众。否则，森林将会缓慢地消失。 例5：Even though a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for it to persuade the villagers to see this.

【译文】即使一个意识到了大量树木存在的重要性，它要劝说村民们也看到这点却是困难的。

（5）宾语从句

宾语从句一般在句子中做宾语，它总体上也符合汉语主、谓、宾的表达方式。宾语从句本身较容易，没有复杂结构，故一般用顺向法翻译，即顺着字面的内容从前向后翻译。

例1：Unfortunately, television’s influence has been extremely harmful to the young. Children do not have enough experience to realize that TV shows present an unreal world; that TV advertisements lie to sell products that are sometimes bad or useless. They believe that the violence they see is normal and acceptable. All educators agree that the “television generations” are more violent than their parents and grandparents.

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【译文】孩子们没有足够的经验来判断电视呈现的现实其实是不真实的；电视广告欺骗宣传以出售一些劣质或者没用的商品。

例2：Manufacturers （生产商） have discovered by experience that sugar sells badly in green wrappings, that blue foods are considered unpleasant, and that cosmetics （化妆品） should never be packaged in brown.

【译文】生产商通过经验发现，绿色包装的糖卖得不好，蓝色的食品被认为是令人不愉快的，化妆品绝不应该用棕色来包装。 2、句式调整

例1：Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the idea of equality of opportunity.

【译文】人们还相信，商业竞争能够强化机会均等的思想。 （被动句改作主动句，增译主语）

例2：Well, in addition to inventing the modem Olympic Games, Britain also gave the world its most popular sports.

【译文】英国除了是现代奥运会的创始国之外，也是诸多风靡全球的最热门运动的发源地。 （主谓宾改为主系表）

例3：Even the flu virus can be a killer. 【译文】即便是流感病毒都能够致人死命。 （主系表改作主谓宾）

例4：One reason is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society.

【译文】其中一个原因就是美国人认为，与其他社会机构相比，商业机构更牢固地建立在竞争的理念之上。

（宾语及补足语改作句子） 四、翻译步骤

1.略读全文，分析句子成分，划出陌生词汇，进行初步翻译。

2.以句子为单位进行翻译，落到卷面上。同时有意识地抛开原文，以实现地道的翻译。 五、翻译真题讲解 历年真题一

The most traditional definition of a human community was \"a group of people larger than a family that interact.\" A community may include people who have at least one common point of interest. In the past, community members lived relatively close to one another in one geographical location: in the same village, town, or city. Nowadays, however, the word community can mean a national, an international, or even an online group of interacting individuals. Therefore, a \"new\" definition of community might be \"a group of people that recognize that they have something in common.\" 真题讲解一

The most traditional definition of a human community was \"a group of people larger than a family that interact.”

【译文】人类社会最为传统的定义是，“比家庭更大的一群相互影响的人。”

A community may include people who have at least one common point of interest. 【译文】一个社会可能包含的人，有至少一处共同点。

In the past, community members lived relatively close to one another in one geographical location: in the same village, town, or city.

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【译文】在过去，社会成员相互之间在地理位置层面上居住的相对比较近，住在同一个村庄、镇、或者城市。

Nowadays, however, the word community can mean a national, an international, or even an online group of interacting individuals.

【译文】然而如今，社会这个词意味着国家、国际甚至是网络上一群相互影响的个人群体。 Therefore, a \"new\" definition of community might be \"a group of people that recognize that they have something in common.“

【译文】因此，社会的“新”定义可以是“认同他们有一些共同点的一群人。” 历年真题二

We do not often consider how much energy goes into creating comforts like hot showers and cold beer. A more efficient refrigerator will give us the same cold beer while using less energy. A more water-efficient showerhead will give us the same hot shower while using less water; less water requires less energy. By being more efficient, we use less energy, requiring fewer resources and less money. We have a lot of opportunities for energy efficiency at home. Whether you are ready to upgrade an appliance to an ENERGY STAR rated model or replace conventional light bulbs with more efficient ones, you will enjoy the same level of comfort in your daily life while saving both energy and money. 真题讲解二

We do not often consider how much energy goes into creating comforts like hot showers and cold beer.

【译文】通常我们不会考虑享用热水澡和冰镇啤酒会消耗多少能源。

A more efficient refrigerator will give us the same cold beer while using less energy. 【译文】节能型冰箱同样能使我们喝到冰镇啤酒还能节约能源。

A more water-efficient showerhead will give us the same hot shower while using less water; less water requires less energy.

【译文】节水型花洒同样能让我们洗上热水澡还能节约用水；节水的同时还节约能源。 By being more efficient, we use less energy, requiring fewer resources and less money. 【译文】高效率能使我们节约能源，节省资源，还可以省钱。 We have a lot of opportunities for energy efficiency at home. 【译文】家庭节能方法很多。

Whether you are ready to upgrade an appliance to an ENERGY STAR rated model or replace conventional light bulbs with more efficient ones, you will enjoy the same level of comfort in your daily life while saving both energy and money.

【译文】无论是打算升级电器、改用能效星级高的型号，还是换下普通灯泡，改用节能灯，你都能享受原本舒适生活的同时又节能省钱。 历年真题三

Can online education ever be education of the very best sort? Not long ago I watched an online course. The instructor was intelligent and learned. But the course wasn’t great and could never have been. There were students on hand, but the class seemed addressed to no one in particular. There was nothing you could get from that course that you couldn’t get from a good book on the same subject.

A truly memorable college class is a cooperation between teacher and students. It’s a one-time-only event. Learning at its best is collective work. In real courses the students and teachers come together and create a vital atmosphere of learning. I don’t think an Internet course ever will.

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真题讲解三

Can online education ever be education of the very best sort? 【译文】在线教育会是史上最佳的教育方式吗？

Not long ago I watched an online course. The instructor was intelligent and learned. But the course wasn’t great and could never have been.

【译文】不久前我观看了一门在线课程，授课教师睿智博学，但课程本身并不出彩、也绝不会出彩。

There were students on hand, but the class seemed addressed to no one in particular. 【译文】讲课现场有学生，但讲授似乎并没有针对任何一个在场的学生。

There was nothing you could get from that course that you couldn’t get from a good book on the same subject.

【译文】这样的课上能学到的东西从一本同类的好书中也完全可以学到。

A truly memorable college class is a cooperation between teacher and students. It’s a one-time-only event.

【译文】 真正让人难以忘怀的大学课程在于师生之间的合作，这是一种只此一次的体验。 Learning at its best is collective work. 【译文】学习的最高境界在于集体的参与。

In real courses the students and teachers come together and create a vital atmosphere of learning.

【译文】在真实的课堂里，师生一起，创造一种生动活泼的学习气氛。 I don’t think an Internet course ever will. 【译文】这一点我认为网络课程永远无法做到。 历年真题四

“How are things back at the office?” one of the gentlemen in my bicycle tour group asked me as we were nearing the end of a lengthy ride through the scenic countryside. “I assume they are going fine,” I said. “I haven’t had any contact and I don’t plan to. Why would I ruin the environment we had traveled thousands of miles to create by bringing my work environment into it?” One of the primary purposes of taking a vacation is to rest and restore. How can you accomplish that goal if you simply move the source of the stress to a different location? 真题讲解四

“How are things back at the office?” one of the gentlemen in my bicycle tour group asked me as we were nearing the end of a lengthy ride through the scenic countryside. 【译文】“办公室一切都好吗？”骑车穿越美丽乡村的长途之旅即将结束时，自行车旅行团的一位先生问我。

“I assume they are going fine,” I said. 【译文】“我想一切正常，”我说。

“I haven’t had any contact and I don’t plan to. Why would I ruin the environment we had traveled thousands of miles to create by bringing my work environment into it?” 【译文】我还没和办公室联系，也没打算联系，我为什么要把工作带入这次旅行，来毁掉跨越数英里才换来的美好氛围呢？”

One of the primary purposes of taking a vacation is to rest and restore. 【译文】度假的首要目的之一就是好好休息、恢复精神。

How can you accomplish that goal if you simply move the source of the stress to a different location?

【译文】如果只是把压力的来源又搬到另一个地方，又怎能实现这个目标呢？

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历年真题五

Most people do not equate wealth with a big house or yacht（游艇）. In fact, only 7% of people surveyed associate wealth with material possessions like cars, houses and boats. Rather, to many, being rich means having just enough not to worry about the next payday — that’s according to 33% of those questioned. An additional 26% define being wealthy, or rich, as having more than enough money to quit their jobs. Still, few people place an actual dollar amount on what it means to be wealthy. About 17% felt that being rich means having at least $ 1 million or more, and 11% stated a six-figure yearly income would make them feel rich. Yet most people who are rich don’t even consider themselves rich. 真题讲解五

Most people do not equate wealth with a big house or yacht（游艇）. 【译文】大多数人并不认为富有等同于大房子或游艇。

In fact, only 7% of people surveyed associate wealth with material possessions like cars, houses and boats.

【译文】事实上，只有7%的被调查者把富有与汽车、房子和船这些物质财富联系在一起。 Rather, to many, being rich means having just enough not to worry about the next payday — that’s according to 33% of those questioned.

【译文】相反，在许多人看来，富有只是意味着在下一个发薪日到来之前衣食无忧—33%的被调查者是这么认为的。

An additional 26% define being wealthy, or rich, as having more than enough money to quit their jobs.

【译文】另有26%的人将富有或有钱看成是即便辞去工作也有花不完的钱。

Still, few people place an actual dollar amount on what it means to be wealthy. 【译文】然而，很少有人用具体的美元数额来衡量怎样才算富有。

About 17% felt that being rich means having at least $ 1 million or more, and 11% stated a six-figure yearly income would make them feel rich.

【译文】约有17%的人觉得富有意味着拥有至少100万美元或更多，11%的人称有6位数的年收入就会感觉有钱。

Yet most people who are rich don’t even consider themselves rich. 【译文】而大部分有钱人根本不认为自己有钱。

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