高考英语冲刺之三：阅读篇

－－杭州新东方 张夏 孙蕾 高考阅读理解题的题型一般分为客观问题(即：用when/who/why/what/which等Wh及How的方式提出问题的题)和主观问题(即：必须经过对作者的意图、态度以及对整篇文章进行深层的推断和判断才能回答问题的题)两种题型。高考英语阅读理解在高考试卷中计分约占四分之一，共有五篇短文，二十个选项，每个选项2分，共40分。因此，做好阅读理解题是高考英语得高分的关键。所以考生在考前进行大量的阅读训练很重要，一般来说，考生每天至少要读四篇左右适合高三学生阅读的短文。其次，学生在学习英语的过程中扩大词汇量，开阔视野，扩大知识面，了解各种信息，积累习惯用法以及习语、俚语等，也很重要。这有助于考生轻易的读懂每一篇短文。因此，一个有经验的教师在教学过程中就应该在学生扩大词汇量，开阔视野，扩大知识面，了解各种信息，积累习惯用法以及习语、俚语等上下功夫。在阅读的过程中，考生要全面理解文章的深层内涵，准确领悟文章的中心思想。透过词语表面含义，理解其引申的深层内涵。根据短文所提供的具体材料，找出相关信息，进行分析计算。阅读短文时，注意上下文中所提供信息的内在联系，才能做出合乎逻辑的正确推理与判断。

在答题时，一般来说先看问题，后读短文比较节约时间。在阅读的过程中难免会遇到一些生词。如果遇到生词，可根据上下文的含义、同义词、反义词或定义等线索猜词义，有时，你根本不需要知道某个单词的中文意思，你只需知道它是一样物品或是动作既可答题。

在阅读时应先留意标题，因为，标题是整篇短文主题的高度凝聚，它能给予考生启示和想象有利于对短文的理解，能提高做题的效率。在阅读时，边看边思索，同时，用铅笔做一些记号。这样，读完一遍后，对整篇文章的脉络就清楚了。其次，在答完题之后，还要再次跳读文章一遍，进一步核实所有答案。与问题关系不大的细节可一带而过，但对有关的句子，就要仔细查看一遍，务必将每道题落实，力求准确无误。

在临考前最后阶段，我们一起来突破阅读三大瓶颈问题： 问题一：已经找对了题干与原文对应处，为何还做错？ 原因：

① 精确定位：要看清真正的问题，即用信息词定位之后，要看清句子逻辑关系，弄清意思。

② 学会看选项的方法：

a找最贴近原文意思的选项；

b去除选项间的相同信息，专门关注区别点； c 分清褒贬；

d 分清程度大小，强烈关注选项中表内容的单词。如同为贬义，则一般挑那个程度小的选项；

e 看清范围，分清是整体还是局部。

特别关注：在动词意义相近的情况下，千万关注其涉及的名词！！因为选项中的

名词一般都与原文中的名词一样，很难做替换。

例1： “I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we‟ll know in vast detail

how can cercells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But ,”he cautions,“ some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty

years before cures were available.”（94全国统考试题） Q: The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to （D）

[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade. [B]indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright. [C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years.

[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered. 解析：Pasteur是关键词，在文章中先找到Pasteur很容易，这样就确定了所考的

段落。由于篇幅所限，本文没有引证所有的段落。通读全文，大家会进一步

体会到这种方法的好处的。正确理解提到Pasteur的相关句子便可知道：治愈癌症还要等很多年。所以答案是[D]。

③如何判断选项：

a 在遇到两个意思很相近的选项时：特别是假设A选项正确，还能推出B选

项也正确的时候，究竟选哪个？要选B选项！！因为通常B选项的范围包括了A，即B大于A，所以B正确。

特别关注：原文、问题、选项三者相比较，重要性最高的是问题！其次是选项！

最后是原文！

b 只挑最好的：对应的好于不知道的，不知道的好于不对应的。

所谓“不对应的”是指：能明确确定该选项与题目要求不符；

所谓“不知道的”是指：在实战中以自身水平无法明确判断该选项的意思是否在原文出现过以及能否对应于题目。 考场心态：必要性思维——正确选项未必能充分完整地表达原文意思，而只要沾

边即可。反之，不沾边的必错！

c 根据内容沾边客观地决定最佳选项，因此最佳选项是通过在四个选项中比较

得出的，而非直接凭自己对原文的推断得出，注意不要推！ 正确选项常常是原文长难句的简单化解释：难句是所有考试必考的内容。难句之所以难有三方面的原因：A)句子结构复杂；表达抽象；C)词难。所以很多题目都围绕着难句做文章，通常使用简单的结构或词汇对难句做浅显、具体的解释。

例2：Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are

intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby‟s life, the stimulus that produces a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother‟s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one„s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one‟s conversation partner.” (04年高考阅读理解)

Q: Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person （C） [A] whose front view is fully perceived. [B]whose face is covered with a mask.

[C] whose face is seen from the side. [D] whose face is free of any covering.

解析：本题presented in profile中，profile这里的词义是“侧面像”，所以[C]whose

face is seen from the side“从侧面看去”正确。

问题二：根本没找到对应处，为什么？ ① 原文没明说 ②与原文表达并不完全一样； 看问题时，应该抓以下几点：

① 如果是细节定位题目，则强调局部性，“不是找不到，而是要找与问题沾边的” ② 如果所问的信息点在原文中布满全篇，则此点不关注，并且对任何一篇文章都可以提问的问题部分，通通不关注，而且不必关注动词，只看题干中剩下的部分，一般会是个核心名词，这时用这个核心名词定位原文，再找与这个核心名词沾边的选项，通过意思上的一致性比较后得出答案。 特别关注：

问题的作用仅仅在于提醒我们该用什么信息做题！原文的作用仅在于客观地复制到脑中，以为选择选项的依据，不要有任何主观加工推理！据此可以先排除明显不对的选项，对于剩下的选项只挑最佳的，而不是挑最正确的！选项的作用在于要求我们对排除了明显不沾边的选项后，对剩下的选项要反复比较，不可轻易否定，在实战中，要求要快速分辨出选项的差异点。

所以，我们的结论是：原文看不懂，照样解对题目！！唯独对于词汇题，这种方法可能失灵，因为在一句话任何单词都不认识的情况下无从选择。

例3：Central Park

Outside among the trees, watch the wildlife – both the human and animal

varieties. Call (212)360 – 3465 or (212)360 – 2726 for events and tours. Central Park stretches from 59th to 110th Sts. , and from 5th Ave. to Central Park. West.

Empire State building

This is among the most striking building in the city, the nation, even the world.

The observation dock (瞭望台) on the 86th floor is open to general public, offering a wonderful view of the second floor you‟ll find the New York Skyride, a simulated (模拟的) helicopter ride. Over Manhattan. 5th Avc. at 34th St. , Midtown/ (212)736– 3100.

Intrepid Sea – Air – Space Museum

Five blocks west of Time Square, this museum has hundreds of air, deep – sea

and space exhibits. Walk the fight deck of the 900–foot–long aircraft carrier Intrepid, see dozens of old and modern aircraft and ride the Intrepid Navy Flight Simulator. Pier 86 , W . 46th St. and 12th Ave./(212)245–0072. Madison Square Garden.

If it‟s big, it probably happens at the Garden. Check out sporting events, concerts and much more. Tours are available. 7th Ave , btwn. 31th and 33th Sts. , Midtown /(212)465 – 6741. (04年高考阅读理解)

Q：If a visitor is interested in music, he will probably go to_______.（D） A. Central Park B. Empire State Building

C. Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum D. Madison Square Garden

解析：文章当中虽然没有直接信息提供，但我们可以找相关信息点“music”，这样马

上定位Madison Square Garden的Concert，和Music由间接关系，故选D。

问题三：对于根本没办法找对应信息点的题目，怎么办？

比如：题干是：原文告诉我们什么？作者同意什么？文章的主题？作者的态度？其实我们读文章时，最基本的要弄明白：①该文章在说谁？（围绕谁说）②是好是坏还是中立？

文章中最重要的部分有4个部分：段首句，段尾句，转折处，文章末尾！注意：这4个部分任一部分但凡伴随着具体事务、具体信息的，立刻成为非重点。

例4：Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast

about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.

It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America‟s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the years as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a Percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.(04年天津题)

Q：From the passage we learn that （C）

[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates. [B]economy will always follow certain models.

[C] the economic situation is better than expected.

[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation.

解析：综合推断题。这两段并不难，有大量数据，问题考查从这些数据可以归纳出什么。第二句说通货膨胀率降到了2.3%;第三句：这（低膨胀率）比多数经济学家预测的还要低，综合这一切可以推断：经济形势比预计的要好。故[C]正确。

例5：“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that‟s no particular virtue in

doing things the way they have always been done,”wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”

The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. (04年辽宁) Q：The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in paragraph 1 because （B）

[A] Rudolph Flesch is best-known expert in the study of human creativity. [B]the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look

for new ways of doing things.

[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch‟s point of view.

[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented. 解析：这句引语含义：“创造性的思维也许仅仅意味着认识到按常规做事并没有什么

不寻常的素质”，下一段的前两句说“创造性思维起始于这样一个命题：一切东西都不是它表现出来的那样。革新家们认为做任何事都不是只有一种方法。”将这两点综合考虑可知，作者引用Rudolph只不过是为了进一步证明自己的观点，即创新者总是寻找做事的新方法，这与[B]完全一致。