第三章翻译的过程

第三章翻译的过程 翻译的三步骤 1. 阅读并分析原文 2. 将原文转换成译入语 3. 对译文进行修改 即： 理解 表达

理解—可以从四个角度对原文进行分析 语法结构分析（grammatical analysis) 语义分析（semantic analysis ） 语境分析（analysis of the context) 语用分析（pragmatic analysis ） 表达—译文需在四个层次上对原文负责 文本层次（textual level） 所指层次（referential level） 粘着层次（cohesive level） 自然层次（level of naturalness）。 一﹑理解－阅读并分析原文 a t m i c r o l e v e l.

美国语言教学家Wilga M. Rivers 说过理解中要掌握三个层次的意义，即词语意义、语法或结构意义以及社会和文化意义（the three levels of meaning: lexical meaning, structural or grammatical meaning, and social-cultural meaning）。

1.语法结构阐释原文的意图。 a. Police Shoot Rioting Blacks b. Rioting Blacks Shot by Police c. Rioting Blacks Shot

结构形式对意义的表达所起的作用 40-LOVE Roger McGough Middle aged couple playing ten- nis when the game ends and they go home the net will still be be- tween them

2.语义分析（semantic analysis ）

即说明处在一定语境中，按照一定次序排列的词项或句项之间的语义关系，探索词项、句项的意义。“ 我们所翻译的不是某些言词，而是看不见、听不到的东西，即意义本身。” （William Hans of The Theory of Translation ）

首先分析词的概念意义（conceptual meaning）和关联意义（associative meaning）

seat oneself in a wooden chair accept a university chair chair the board meeting

其次把握意义关系，注意同反义、褒贬义、多歧义关系。如：George made great progress at school.

Let us be great friends

He has the reputation of being a blood-sucker.

She has made a reputation for herself through hard work. 再次文化特征、历史演变、社会发展、科技进步对语言影响。如：“Greek and Latin are all English to me.” said Osca r Wilde.

(It is Greek to me.) 小犬将于下月结婚。

第四，了解语言的随意性和约定俗成性。例如： 1) milk the cow 2) milk the bull 3) sleeping beauty 4) sleeping spy

5) You said that it is out of question , but it seems to me that it is out of the question.

第五，注意词语的搭配关系、逻辑关系和上下文关系。例如： 1) He wrote his 12 th novel at the ripe age of 85.

2) A：“Well, old boy,” said the visitor, “it's nice to see you up and about.”

B ：“Up, yes,” the patient said, “but about, no, at least not much”.

3.语境分析（analysis of the context)

语境包含：语言内部的上下文关系；话语与经验世界的关系。?（一）上下文分析（contextual analysis/ linguistic context ）: ?首先，一个词与周围词的关系。例如：

Today a politician without elbows is as lost as a politician without principles.

其次，短语是否是语义整体。

再次，一个句子是否是一个的语义单位。例如： The face is the index of the mind. Far from eye, far from heart.

（二）语言与经验世界的关系（non-linguistic context ） 所谓非语言环境，指话语及其组成部分与文化和自然环境的相互关系。例如：

Did he receive a warm welcome from the first lady of the house? ?首先，话语发生时环境。例如：

It's freezing cold here.

其次，身体语言（body language ）。例如：

“You think we can”—he glanced at the couple ahead of them--“like them—you and I?” She shook her head.

4.语用分析（pragmatic analysis ）

语用分析即通过对语言的交际意义的综合分析，了解和确定说话人和话语间的关系，常常表现为说话人的感情、态度、情绪、意念等。

（一）讲话者的情感参与

（1 ）请求:Would you mind lending me 10 yuan? （2 ）许诺:I shall return the book tomorrow.

（3 ）警告:Say that again and I'll part with you once and for all.

（4 ）褒贬：You are stubborn. He is pig-headed. I am strong-willed. ?（二）准确表达说话人的意图

1.确认but, even, and, before 等词的语用意义。如： Even Max fell into love with her.

And you talked to him this way after all he'd done for you. It will be a couple of years before we meet again. 2.确认潜台词。如：

“A down-to-earth man would have succeeded.” father scolded me. ?at macrolevel

德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss说：

Translating requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic and text-pragmatic comprehen-sion by the translator of the original texts.（翻译过程要求译者在句法、语义、文体和语篇语用各方面对原文进行理解。）

M a c r o c o m p r e h e n s i o n o f t h e S L T c o m p r i s e s a g o o d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f:?the text type

Narrative Descriptive Expositive Argumentative

the background or setting the writing style

Some writers write in an elegant or graceful style. Others write in an ornate style. Still others write in a straightforward style, and so on and so forth.

Lao She’s(老舍) writings show a cordial and humorous style. Winston Churchill’s famous speeches exhibit a vigorous and sprightly style.

Ernest Hemingway’s novels de monstrate a simple and symbolic

style.

C harles Lamb’s essays are written in his humorous and inimitable style. William Hazlitt’s essays are characterized by a lucid and forceful prose style.

the topic category the theme

the writer’s intention or purpose the communication addressees 二.表达—将原文转换成译入语

如何忠实地表达原文的意思，按照英国翻译理论家纽马克（Newmark) 的观点，在表达的过程中，译者必须在四个层次上对原文和译文负责，即：文本层次（textual level ）；所指层次（referential level ）；粘着层次（cohesive level ）和自然层次（level of naturalness ）

1.文本层次（textual level ）

文本层次指原文的字面意义。译者对原文负责，就是对原文的字面意义负责。例如：

1) You flatter me.

原译：你拍我马屁。改译：你过奖了。 2) He is lying on his back.

3)B e e r i s t h e t i p p l e o f c h o i c e i n H o l l a n d,w h e r e b e e r

c o n s u m p t i o n f o l l o w s h o t o n t h e h e e l s o f t h a t i n G e r m a n y,w h e r e b e e r i s a l m o s t a r e l i g i o n,a n

d B

e l g i u m,w h e r e t h e y d r i n k i t f o r

b r e a k f a s t a n d f e e d i t t o b a b i e s a n d s u c k l i n g s.

2.所指层次（referential level ）—所指意义

指译者对原文所指意义的把握。原文中晦涩、隐含的弦外之音，需要译者透过文字的迷雾看清楚真实的内涵。例如：

1 ）How to Grow Old (Betrund Russell) 怎样变老；怎样才能活得老

2）I am a perfect stranger to physics. 完全是一个陌生人；一窍不通

3）My mother is 86, but she carries her years easily. 很容易背起她的年龄；并不显老

4）I hate to get personal, but you’re much older than Byron.变得私人化；过问私事

5）You are late for the last time. 最后一次迟到；被解雇 6）It can be worse. 可能会更糟；还过得去 3.粘着层次—衔接方式

粘着层次指语篇中句子的衔接。语言的衔接方式反映了本族语说者的独特的思维方式。例如：

1) 要抓住机会，现在就是好机会。我就担心丧失机会。不抓呀，看到的机会就丢掉了，时间一晃就过去了。We must grasp

opportunities; the present offers an excellent one. The only thing I worry about is that we may lose opportunities. If we don’t seize them, they will slip through our fingers as time speeds by.

2) 我们国家的经济搞得不错，光景一年比一年好。人民是满意的，全世界是公认的。

Our country’s economic development is sound, and the prospects are getting better year by year. The people are pleased about that, and the whole world has recognized it.

3) If you cannot bite never show your teeth. 不能咬人，就别呲牙。 4.自然层次

自然层次是对译文行文的基本标准。即自然流畅，符合译入语的习惯。过度拘泥于原文，不敢越雷池半步，译文就会不自然，不流畅。? 1.选词用字照抄字典，忽视上下文。例如：

He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.

学习，知道和教；博览群书，追根溯源，并且好为人师 2. 过度拘泥于原文的结构。例如：

1）. It takes ten minutes to get there on foot. 原译：需要10分钟才能步行到哪儿。 2）.他于1960年生于上海。

原译：He was born in 1960 in Shanghai.

3）He wanted to run, but that would be the worst thing he could do.

原译：他真想跑，但那是他能做的最糟糕的事。