passage3

An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning. It was necessary, therefore, to invent in truments that neither slumbered nor slept. Some devices were quite simple. One, for instance, consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses which would stand up on end like ninepins. When a shock came, it shook the rigid table upon which these stood. If it were gentle, only the more unstable rods fell. If it were severe, they all fell. Thus the rods, by falling, and by the direction in which they fell, recorded for the slumbering scientist the strength of a shock that was too weak to waken him, and the direction from which it came.

But instruments far more delicate than that were needed if any really serious advance was to be made. The ideal to be aimed at was to devise an instrument that could record with a pen on paper, the movements of the ground or of the table as the quake passed by. While I write, my pen moves, but the paper keeps still. With practice, no doubt, I could in time learn to write by holding the pen still while the paper moved. That sounds a silly suggestion, but that was precisely the idea adopted in some of the early instruments (seismometers) for recording earthquake waves. But when table, penholder and paper are all moving, how is it possible to write legibly? The key to a solution of that problem lay in an everyday observation. Why does a person standing in a bus or train tend to fall when a sudden start is made? It is because his feet move on, but his head stays still. A simple experiment will help us a little further. Tie a heavy weight at the end of a long piece of string. With the hand held high in the air, hold the string so that the weight nearly touches the ground. Now move the hand to and fro and around but not up and down. It will be found that the weight moves but slightly or not at all. Imagine a pen attached to the weight in such a way that its point rests upon a piece of paper on the floor. Imagine an earthquake shock shaking the floor, the paper, you and your hand. In the midst of all this movement, the weight and the pen would be still. But as the paper moved from side to side under the pen point, its movement would be recorded in ink upon its surface. It was upon this principle that the first instruments were made, but the paper was wrapped round a drum which rotated slowly. As long as all was still, the pen drew a straight line, but while the drum was being shaken, the line that the pen was drawing wriggled from side to side. The apparatus thus described, however, records only the horizontal component of the wave movement, which is, in fact, much more complicated. If we could actually see the path described by a particle, such as a sand grain in the rock, it would be more like that of a bluebottle buzzing round the room; it would be up and down, to and fro and from side to side. Instruments have been devised and can be so placed that all three elements can be recorded in different graphs.

When the instrument is situated at more than 700 miles from the earthquake centre, the graphic record shows three waves arriving one after the other at short intervals. The first records the arrival of longitudinal vibrations. The second marks the arrival of transverse vibrations which travel more slowly and arrive several minutes after the first. These two have traveled through the earth. It was from the study of these that so much was learnt about the interior of the earth. The third, or main wave, is the slowest and has traveled round the earth through the surface rocks.

译文

地震就像夜间的小偷，不打招呼就来了。因此，有必要发明一种仪器，既不打盹儿，也不睡觉。有些装置非常简单。例如，有一种装置是由一些长短、粗细不同的木棒组成，就像

九柱戏的木棒一样竖立着，一旦有地震，就会震动树立在坚硬的桌子上的木棒。如果地震轻微，只有不稳定的木棒倒下；如果地震剧烈，所有的木棒都会倒下。由于地震太弱而未惊醒科学家时，木棒倒下的多少和倒下的方向为科学家记录下了地震的强度和地震方向。

但是，如果要取得真正重大的进展，需要有比这种装置精细得多的仪器。理想的目标的是设计出这样一种仪器：当地震发生时，它能用笔在纸上记录下地面和桌子的运动情况。我写字时，笔是移动的，纸是静止的。毫无疑问，经过练习，我最终能够学会笔不动而纸动来写字。这听起来似乎是一种愚蠢的想法，但是早期记录地震波的仪器（测震仪）正是用了这种思路。可是，当桌子、夹笔装置、纸都在移动时，怎么能书写得清楚呢？可以从我们的日常生活观察中找到这个问题的答案。一个人站在公共汽车或火车上，当车突然开动时，他为什么会跌倒呢？这是因为他的脚动了，而他的头保持静止。再做一个简单的实验可以帮助我们进一步理解这个问题。把一个重物栓在一根长绳子的一端，把手高高举在空中握住绳子，让重物几乎接触地面。然后把手前后左右以及旋转摆动，但不要上下摆动。结果会发现，重物是动了，但动得很小，甚至没动。假定把一支笔栓在重物上，笔尖落在地板上的一张纸上，假定地震发生了，地板、纸、你和你的手都会动，重物和笔却都不运动。由于纸在笔尖下来回运动，纸的表面就会用墨水记录下地板运动情况。根据这一原理，制造出了最初的地震仪器，但是纸被卷在慢慢旋转的圆筒上的。只要一切都是静止的，笔就会划出一条直线；但是，圆筒受到震动，笔所画出的线就会左右摆动。然而，这里所说的仪器记录下来的只是地震波运动中的水平部分，地震波的运动实际比这要复杂得多。假如我们真能看到诸如岩石中一个沙粒分子的运动轨迹，那就像一直嗡嗡叫的绿头苍蝇在屋内飞行的轨迹，呈现出上上下下、来来回回的运动。已经设计出了一些仪器，它按照一定的方式安放就可测绘除这三种运动的曲线图。

如果把这种仪器安装在距震源700多英里远的地方，曲线记录就能显示出前后相间的三种地震波。首先记录下的是纵向波的到达；然后记录下的是横向波的到达，横向波比纵向波传播的慢，在纵向波到达几分钟后才能到达。这两种波都是穿过地球而来。正是从这两种波的研究中，我们可以了解到地球内部的许多情况。第三种波，即主波，是最慢的，是围绕地球通过表层岩石传来的。

核心词汇

41.apparatus [] n. 器械，设备，仪器

例句：Firemen needed breathing apparatus to enter the burning house. 消防队员需要用

呼吸器械才能进入燃烧着的房屋。

42.complicated [] a. 错综的，复杂的 1次 派生：complicate v.（使）变复杂

例句：Plane is a complicated piece of machinery. 飞机是一件复杂机械。

辨析：complex, complicated

complex 指包含许多（尤指不同的）部分，因而比较难懂或难解释；complicated

指各部分相互交错而变得错综复杂。

43.component [] n. 成分，部分 a. 组成的，构成的 4次

例句：The engine has more than 300 components, made of number of different materials. 发动机有300多个由许多不同材料制成的零部件。

辨析：element, component, ingredient

element 是常用词，可用于物质的、非物质的、有形的或无形的东西；component 指一物的组成部分；ingredient 常指混合在一起准备做食物的配料、成分。

44.consist [] v. 组成，构成，由……组成 2次

例句：His job consists of helping old people who live alone. 他的工作包括帮助无人照

顾的独居老人。

词组：consist of 由……组成；consist in 在于；consist with 一致，符合 45.delicate [] a. 精巧的，微妙的，精密的 3次

例句：The international situation is very delicate at present. 当前的国际形式十分微妙。 辨析：delicate, dainty, exquisite

delicate 指织物的组织纤细柔软、本质的优美或结构中的精密，使感官或心灵感到舒适而愉快的；dainty 指小巧玲珑，结构完善，使感官愉快的美；exquisite 语气比以上两词强，指精美而高尚的。

46.direction [] n. 命令，指令，前进的方向，

方位 派生：direct a. 径直的，直接的 ad. 直接地 v. 指引，指示；指挥，命令；导演 例句：In which direction are you going, north or south? 你准备往哪个方向走？向北还是向南？

辨析：orientation, direction

都有方位向的意思，但是orientation 主要强调抽象的定位，取向，辩向作用；direction 指的是具体的方向，方位。

47.instrument [] n. 工具，器具；手段 1次 例句：Pen is an instrument for writing. 钢笔是一个书写工具。 辨析：implement, instrument, tool, appliance

implement 指工作中任何有用或必需的器械，尤指较简单的农田或园用的工具；instrument 指用于精细工作或科学技术的工具；tool 多指手工操作的简单工具；appliance 指工具、器具、电器用具。

48.interior [] a. 内部的，内的 n. 内部 派生：interiorness n. 内在的性质或状态

例句：The interior walls of the building were painted green. 这座建筑的里墙涂成了绿色。

反义词：exterior

49.interval [] n. 间隔，距离

例句：There was a long interval before he answered the telephone. 隔了好久他才回电

话。 词组：at intervals 每隔一段时间，每隔一段距离 50.invent [] v. 发明，创造 1次

派生：invention n. 发明，创造 inventor n. 发明家

例句：Edison invented the electric light lamp. 爱迪生发明了电灯。

51.precisely [] ad. 精确地，明确地 派生：precise a. 精确的，准确的，清晰的

例句：I want to know precisely what you want. 我想明确地知道你想要什么。 52.legibly []ad. 易读地，明了地

派生：legible a. 可以辨认的，字迹清楚的 legibility n. 易读性，易理解

例句：Please write legibly, otherwise I can not understand. 请写清楚，否则我理解不了。 53.rigid [] a. 刚性的；刻板的；严厉的 1次

派生：rigidity n. 坚硬，刚性，硬度 rigidly ad. 坚硬地，严格地

例句：They make rigid control of chemical composition and processing method. 他们对

化学成分和加工方法加以严格控制。

54.rotate [] v.（使）旋转，自转 例句：Do the vanes in the figure rotate clockwise or counterclockwise? 图中叶片的旋转

方向是顺时针的，还是反时针的？ 辨析：turn, rotate, revolve, spin, whirl

turn 是常用词，指绕着一个点转动；rotate 指绕中心点转动；revolve 可与rotate 互换；spin 指持续旋转；whirl 指快速、持续地旋转。

55.slightly [] ad. 轻微地，苗条地，有一点 派生：slight a. 纤弱的，细小，微不足道的 例句：I knew him slightly. 关于他我只知道一点儿。

56.slumber [] v. 睡觉（尤指安稳舒适的睡眠）

派生：slumberer v. 睡觉得人 slumberous a. 昏昏欲睡的，困倦的 例句：The child was slumbering peacefully. 孩子睡得正香。

辨析：sleep, slumber

sleep 指一般的睡眠；slumber 特别指深度睡眠或一种不活跃的状态。 57.still [] a. 停滞不动的 ad. 还，仍，还要，尽管如此 派生：stillness n. 静止，沉静

例句：Can you keep still while I comb your hair？ 在我给你梳头时你不动可以吗？

I still remember my first day at school. 我仍记得我上学的第一天。

58.string [] n. 线，绳，一串，一行 v. 派成一列，串起 1次

例句：These houses were strung along the thoroughfare. 这些房子沿大道排成一行。 词组：string along 骗某人；string out 成行地排列、成行地展开；string up 悬挂，

吊死 59.transverse [] a. 横放的，横向的 派生：transversely ad. 横向地，横断地 例句：The strong engine forces these planes to transverse the oceans. 强大的发动机驱使

这些飞机横渡大洋。

60.wrap [] v. 把……包起来，缠，卷 1次

派生：wrapped a. 有包装的，预先包装的 wrapper n. 包皮，包装物 例句：I wrapped a blanket round him. 我给他裹了一条毯子。 词组：wrap up 穿暖和，掩饰，了结，住口

62.wriggle [] v. 蜿蜒行进，扭动

例句：You know you're to blame, so don't try to wriggle out of it. 你知道你要负责任,

别想蒙混过去。

61.vibration [] n. 震动，摆动，震荡

派生：vibrate v.（使）震动，（使）摇摆，震动，颤动

例句：Even at full speed the ship‟s engines cause very little vibration. 这条船即使全速

前进，发动机的震动也很小。

Passage 4

Only six domestic animal species have ever earned their way off the U.S. Endangered Species List. The gray wolf is closing in on becoming the seventh. Although many wolf biologists back the decision, not all wildlife advocates are cheering the pending status change.

In 1974, after a century of aggressive extermination efforts had nearly extinguished gray wolves in the lower 48 states, the Endangered Species Act took effect, and the dwindling species was whisked onto the list. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) subsequently initiated recovery programs for the gray wolf in three regions, setting population goals for the West, East and Southwest.

With federal protection and reintroduction programs to seed the West with ecologically appropriate wolves from Canada, gray wolf populations burgeoned. Today there are 44 breeding pairs (a total of 664 wolves) in the Western zone, exceeding the target of 30. In the Eastern area, over 3,800 wolves live in the Great Lakes region—almost triple the target number and a new population of over 600 wolves teems in the states around Minnesota. (In the Southwest, recovery of the Mexican gray wolf is still in its infancy, and the animal‟s endangered status will remain intact.)

Because the wolf populations have now met their goals for the West and East, the FWS wants to reclassify the wolf from endangered to threatened and delist the species in all states outside its historical range. The FWS fully expects the reclassification proposal to pass this spring and hopes to delist the populations in the Northwest and Midwest in the next year.

Several wildlife groups, however, protest that the proposed status change is premature. The wolf has not returned to the Northeast, where it was formerly an important predator in that ecosystem. They also argue that out West the population is too thin for the wolves to set out from the recovery zones and into their former ranges in the southern Rockies and the Pacific Northwest.

FWS biologists respond that their job is to ensure that the wolf is no longer in danger of extinction, not to restore the species to every place it could live. “The Endangered Species List is not a tool for other agendas. The act mandates that if a species doesn‟t need protection anymore, you must remove it,” insists Ed Bangs, wolf recovery coordinator for the West. L. David Mech, wolf expert and senior research scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, agrees that the gray wolf is no longer at risk of extinction in the lower 48 states. “When recovery goals were planned, certain numbers were set that would signify recovery. I see no evidence that those numbers were too low.” Mech believes the genetic diversity and population growth rate in these numbers are sufficient for maintaining viable populations. Even so, opponents of the change contend that the wolf is unique among recovered species: it is the only one that was deliberately exterminated. Because deep-seated animosities against the wolf still exist, wolves face fierce threats than other recovered species.

Despite some persisting hostility toward the gray wolf, experts assert that the situation is not the same as it was before 1974. Attitudes have grown more tempered with public education, which Mech expects will continue to serve the animal: “We started off 20 years ago saying, „Save the wolf.‟ We‟ve done that. Now the thing to say is, Manage the wolf.”

译文

只有六种国内动物曾经脱离了美国濒危物种名单。而银狐正在成为第七个。尽管许多狐狸动物学家支持这个观点，但并不是所有野生动物保护着都对这一状况感到欢欣鼓舞。 一个世纪的屠杀几乎使银狐在48个州内灭绝。1974年，濒危动物法生效，数量日益减少的物种被列入名单。紧接着，美国鱼类和野生动物协会（FWS）开始在三个区域对银狐进行恢复性计划，为西部、东部和西南部制定了种群数量目标。

在联邦政府的保护和从加拿大引进生态适宜的银狐放养西部的计划开始，银狐的数量开

始增长。目前，在西部地区有44个饲养群（共664只狐狸），超出了预定目标的30个。在东部地区，有超过3800只狐狸生活在大湖区，是目标数量的3倍，而且有超过600只的狐狸出现在明尼苏达周边的几个州。（在西南、墨西哥银狐的回复仍在幼年期，动物的危险状态仍然没有消除。）

由于狐狸的数量目前已达到了东部和西部的预定目标，FWS希望能够将狐狸的类别从“危险类”调整到“受到威胁类”，并且将其从各州的历史范围中除去。FWS希望这个重新分类的目标能在这个春天实现并且希望在明年将其从西北和中西部地区的名单上划去。 然而，有几个野生动物组织抗议说对狐狸状态进行改变的提议是不成熟的。狐狸还没有回到东北部，而以前在那个生态系统中他们是那里重要的食肉动物。他们还说，除了西部，银狐的数量太过稀少，还不能从他们的恢复区域发展到以前它们活动的南部落基山脉和西北太平洋地区。

FWS的动物学家说，他们的工作是保证狐狸不再处于濒临灭绝的危险状态，而不是将他们恢复到他们能够生存的地方。“濒危动物名单并不是其他机构的一个工具。法律强制规定如果物种不再需要保护，那么就必须将它们从名单中除去，”西部狐狸物种恢复协调员埃德·班斯坚持说。狐狸动物学家、美国生态调查研究科学家L·戴维米奇也同意说银狐在48个州已经没有灭绝的危险。“在制定恢复目标的时候，制定特定的数量目标以显示是否恢复。我没有看到任何证据显示目前的数量水平太低了。”米奇相信这些数量的基因的多样性以及数量增长率对于维护一个持续的种群数量是足够的。尽管如此，变化的反对者仍主张狐狸在以恢复的种群中是独一无二的：它是惟一一个被人为灭绝的。由于对狐狸根深蒂固的仇视仍然存在，狐狸比其他已恢复种群面临更多的威胁。

尽管对狐狸的一些持续的敌视，专家坚持认为情况已经与1974年之前不同了。对保护动物的公众教育的态度正在变得温和起来，米奇专家希望：“在20年前我们开始这个工作的时候，我们说„救救狐狸‟，我们做到了。而现在，我们要说„管理狐狸‟。”

核心词汇

63.aggressive [] a. 好斗的，敢作敢为的，有闯劲的；侵略性的 6次 派生：aggressively ad. 侵略地，攻势地 例句：He is an aggressive young executive. 他是一个进取心很强的年轻行政人员。 64.animosity [] n. 仇恨，敌意，憎恶

例句：I could sense the animosity between them. 我能感觉到他们彼此之间的敌意。 词组：animosity against/towards sb./ sth. 对某人/某事憎恨；animosity between… and…

在……之间的敌意 辨析：hostility, animosity

hostility 通常指对立或攻击表现出的敌意；animosity 指强烈的憎恶或仇恨。 65.back [] v. 后退，支持 a. 后面的，在后面 ad. 向后地 n. 背部，后面 15次 例句：Will you back me against the others? 你会支持我反对其他的人吗？ 词组：back and forth 往返，来回；back down 让步，退却；back up 支持，援助；back out 食言，未能履约

辨析：back, support

support 是常用词，指支撑、给某人（物）以积极援助或支持；back 指支持论点、行动、企业等。

66.burgeon [] v. 萌芽，发展 n. 嫩芽

例句：Dalian is a burgeoning city. 大连是个发展中的城市。 67.cheer [] v.（使）快活，（对）欢呼 n. 欢呼 4次

派生：cheerless a. 无精打采的 cheerful a. 愉快的，高兴的

例句：The crowd cheered as the teams entered the field. 球队入场时观众们为之欢呼。 词组：cheer on 加油；cheer up 振作起来

68.dwindle [] v. 减少，缩小

例句：His wealth dwindled into nothing. 他的财产化为乌有。

词组：dwindle down to 缩减到……；dwindle into 缩小成；dwindle out 逐渐消失；

dwindle away 减少，缩小 辨析：decrease, dwindle, diminish

decrease 指渐渐地减少；dwindle 同decrease 一样，也是逐渐地减少，但经

常指减少到无或消耗完为止；diminish 指形状减小，特指看得出来的缩小或减少。

69.extermination [] n. 消灭，根绝 派生：exterminate v. 消灭，扑灭，根除

例句：The extermination of mouse may be bad news for us. 鼠的灭绝可能对我们是个

坏消息。

70.extinguish [] v. 熄灭，消灭；压制，使黯然失色 1次 派生：extinguishable a. 可扑灭的，可消灭的，可灭绝的

例句：Firemen extinguished the blaze quickly. 消防队员很快把火扑灭。 辨析：abolish, extinguish

abolish 指消除的风俗、习惯等；extinguish 指用压服性的武力等手段使之毁灭。

71.initiate [] v. 创始，发起，开始，启蒙 1次 派生：initiative a. 创始的，开始的

例句：Please initiate pupils into elements of grammar. 请把基本语法教给学生。 词组：initiate sb. into sth. 准许某人加入某团体，把某事教给某人 72.mandate [] n. 指令，命令，训令，要求 v. 委任统治 派生：mandatory a. 法定的，强制性的

例句：Britain was mandated to govern the former colony of German East Africa. 英国授

权代管德国在东非的前殖民地。 73.predator [] n. 食肉动物，掠夺者 派生：predatory a. 食肉的，掠夺的

例句：He denounced all landlords as evil predator. 他痛斥所有的地主都是罪恶的剥削者。

74.propose [] v. 计划，建议，向……提议，打算，求婚 6次 派生：proposal n. 提议，建议，方案 proposer n. 提议者

例句：He proposed that we should go for a walk. 他提议我们去散步。 词组：propose sb. for 提名某人、推荐某人；propose to sb. 向某人求婚

辨析：intend, mean, propose

intend 是正式用语，指心里已有做某事的目标或计划，含有行动坚决之意；

mean 可与intend 互换，但强调做事的意图，较口语化；propose 指公开明确地提出自己的目的或计划。

75.protest [] n. 主张，断言，抗议 v. 主张，断言抗议，拒付 2次 派生：protestation n. 声明，主张，抗议 protestingly ad. 抗议地，不服地 例句：I protest in the name of free speech. 我以言论自由为理由表示抗议。

词组：protest against 抗议，反对；under protest 被迫地，持异议地 76.signify [] v. 表示，象征，意味 1次

例句：She signified her agreement by nodding. 她点头表示同意。 77.teem [] v. 有很多，大量；（雨）暴降 派生：teemless a. 荒芜的，贫瘠的

例句：At this time of the year the rivers teem with fish. 每年这个时候，河里的鱼都很

多。 词组：teem with 聚集，盛产，充满 78.tempered [] a. 温和的，调和的

派生：temper n. 性情，脾气，调剂，趋向 v. 回火，冶炼，调和

例句：Hart was so good tempered that some of his \" friends \" constantly put upon him.

哈特脾气好，因而他有几个“朋友”经常欺骗他。

词组：keep one‟s temper 忍住气，不发火；lose one‟s temper 发货，生气；out of temper

发火，动怒 79.viable [] a. 能养活的，可行的，可实施的 派生：viability n. 可行性

例句：The economy of the country is not viable. 这个国家经济是难以维持的。 80.whisk [] n. 扫除 v. 扫，挥动；迅速移动

例句：The waiter whisked my plate away. 服务员迅速收走了我的盘子。 词组：whish away/off 突然拿走、急速送走